Difference between revisions of "Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species"

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<big><center>[[Infectious agents and parasites|'''BACK TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES''']]</center></big>
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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Chlamydophila species]]
<big><center>[[Bacteria|'''BACK TO BACTERIA''']]</center></big>
 
 
 
 
 
''Chlamydophila psittaci'' involved in [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#In Cats|feline rhinotracheitis]] together with [[Herpesviridae|herpes virus 1]] C.psittaci more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis, see [[Bacterial infections#Feline Chlamydiosis|feline chlamydiosis]]
 
 
 
*May cause [[Joints - inflammatory#In Sheep|arthritis in sheep]] and [[Joints - inflammatory#In Cattle|arthritis in cattle]]
 
 
 
===Overview===
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===Characteristics===
 
 
 
*Obligate intracellular bacteria
 
*Gram negative bacteria with outer membrane, LPS, ribosomes, DNA and RNA
 
*Peptidoglycan cell wall resistant to lysozyme
 
*Only grow in presence of living eukaryotic cells
 
*Unable to synthesis ATP therefore require intermediates from host cells
 
*Grow in embyonated eggs and McCoy cells as well as animal tissues
 
*Not stained by Gram stain
 
*Kosters (modified Ziehl-Neelson, small red rods) or fluorescent antibody stain required for detection
 
*Blue inclusions in cytoplasm of Giemsa-stained cels
 
*Antigen detection kits for diagnosis from swabs
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===
 
 
 
*Elementary body, the infective form, phagocytosed and internalised into host epithelial cells
 
*Transformation into larger reticulate body
 
*Reticulate body divides by binary fission to form many new chlamydia cells
 
*Reticulate body has un-crosslinked peptidoglycan, which is cross-linked to form elementary bodies
 
*Elementary bodies released from dying host cells to infect other cells
 
*Persistent infections
 
*Many infections subclinical due to intracellular existence of ''chlamydia'' preventing inflammatory reactions
 
*Clinical infections occur in non-natural host species
 
 
 
 
 
===''Chlamydophila psittaci''===
 
 
 
*Causes notifiable psittacosis in birds
 
 
 
 
 
===''Chlamydophila abortus''===
 
 
 
*Ovine enzootic abortion
 
*Contagious ovine abortion in late pregnancy
 
*Infection via ingestion or inhalation causes a bacteraemia
 
*Bacteria localise in placenta and cause placentitis, leading to abortion
 
*Abortion rates may reach 30%
 
*Fertility not impaired
 
*Survival of elementary bodies in faeces and wild birds are a source of infection from one lambing season to the next
 
*Ewes may be carriers for several years
 
*Venereal transmission from infected rams
 
*Some immunity develops after infection, protecting ewes from subsequent disease
 
*Vaccines prevent infection but will not clear infection from persistently-infected animals
 
*Vaccination of ewe lambs
 
 
 
 
 
===''Chlamydophila felis''===
 
 
 
*Host adapted species in cats
 
*Feline interstitial pneumonia and conjunctivitis
 
*Diagnosis by antigen detection in ocular/nasal secretions - ELISA, PCR, Kosters, fluorescent antibody test
 
*Vaccine
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===Diagnosis===
 
 
 
 
 
===Treatments===
 

Latest revision as of 10:16, 12 May 2010