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| − | {{toplink
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| − | |backcolour = f5fffa
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| − | |linkpage =Protozoa
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| − | |linktext =PROTOZOA
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| − | |sublink1 =Flash Cards - WikiBugs
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| − | |subtext1 =WIKIBUGS FLASHCARDS
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| − | |pagetype =Bugs
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| − | }}
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| | [[Image:Toxoplasma gondii.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Toxoplasma gondii'' - Ke Hu and John Murray]] | | [[Image:Toxoplasma gondii.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Toxoplasma gondii'' - Ke Hu and John Murray]] |
| | + | <big> |
| | + | '''[[Coccidia Flashcards]] |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Protozoa</font>==
| + | '''[[Cryptosporidia Flashcards]] |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
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| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
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| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
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| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
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| − | |-
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| − | |<big>'''What are the four different ways protozoa can move?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''Cilia'''''
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| − | *'''''Flagellum'''''
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| − | *'''''Pseduopodia'''''
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| − | *'''''Gliding'''''
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| − | ||[[Protozoa#Structure and function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How do protozoa reproduce?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''By binary fission'''''
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| − | *'''''By schizogony'''''
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| − | *'''''By sporogony'''''
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| − | *'''''By gametogeny'''''
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| − | ||[[Protozoa#Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Briefly summarise the life cycle of protozoa'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''The infectious sporozoite are released from the oocyst invading epithelial tissue'''''
| |
| − | *'''''The nucleus of the sporozoites divides forming a schizont which contains merozoites (schizogony)'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Schizont ruptures releasing merozoites which form micro and macrogamonts in the epithelial tissue (gametogeny)'''''
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| − | *'''''Microgamonts penetrate the macrogamont forming the zygote'''''
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| − | *'''''The zygote forms the oocyst which is passed in the faeces'''''
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| − | *'''''Sporulation occurs which makes the oocyst infectious'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Protozoa#Example of a Protozoal Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Coccidia</font>==
| + | '''[[Giardia Flashcards]] |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
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| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
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| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
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| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
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| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the transmission and life cycle of ''Eimeria'' species?'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''Direct transmission'''''
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| − | *'''''Faecal-oral route'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Eimeria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the transmission and life cycle of ''Isospora'' species?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''Usually direct transmission by the faecal-oral route'''''
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| − | *'''''Some species use facultative intermediate hosts forming tissue cysts'''''
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| − | **'''''Transmission is then by the faecal-oral or route or via ingestion of the intermediate host'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Isospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How long is the prepatent period of poultry ''Eimeria'' species?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''1 week'''''
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| − | *'''''Sporulation takes 2-3 days'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Name the malabsorptive ''Eimeria'' species'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''E. maxima'''''
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| − | *'''''E. acervulina'''''
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| − | *'''''E. mitis'''''
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| − | *'''''E. praecox'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Name the haemorrhagic ''Eimeria'' species'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''E. necatrix'''''
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| − | *'''''E. brunetti'''''
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| − | *'''''E. tenella'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Which area of the gastrointestinal tract does ''E. acervulina, E. maxima'', E. tenella'' and ''E. necatrix'' affect and what kind of lesions are produced?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''E. acervulina affects the proximal gut forming white ladder lesions'''''
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| − | *'''''E. maxima affects the mid-gut producing a pink exudate'''''
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| − | *'''''E. tenella affects the ceaca forming a core of dark, haemorrhagic blood'''''
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| − | *'''''E. necatrix affects the mid-gut forming salt and pepper leions'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the two main ''Eimeria'' species which affect cattle and what is the prepatent period?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''E. zuernii'''''
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| − | *'''''E. bovis'''''
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| − | *'''''2-3 week prepatent period'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Cattle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the two significant ''Eimeria'' species which affect sheep and what is the prepatent period?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''E. ovinoidalis'''''
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| − | *'''''E. crandalis'''''
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| − | *'''''2 week prepatent period'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Sheep|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the most significant species of ''Isospora'' which affects pigs and what the prepatent period?'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''I. suis'''''
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| − | *'''''1 week prepatent period'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Pigs|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Which parts of the gastrointestinal tract do the ''Eimeria'' species which affects rabbits inhabit?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''2 inhabit the caecum'''''
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| − | *'''''1 inhabits the bile duct epithelium (E. steidae)'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Rabbits|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Cryptosporidia</font>==
| + | '''[[Piroplasmida Flashcards]] |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the main species of ''Cryptosporidium'' which infects humans and domestic animals?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''C. parvum'''''
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| − | ||[[Cryptosporidium#Recognition|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''True or False: In ''Cryptosporidium'' infections unsporulated oocysts are passed in the faeces'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''False'''''
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| − | *'''''Sporulated oocysts are passed in the faeces'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Cryptosporidium#Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How are ''Cryptosporidium'' infections passed between hosts?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''Direct faecal-oral transmission'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Water-bourne infections'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Autoinfection can also occur'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Cryptosporidium#Epidemiology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How are ''Cryptosporidium'' infections prevented?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''Isolate and quarantine brought in calves'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Good hygiene and adequate disinfection of calf pens'''''
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| − | *'''''Goog hygiene of humans working and visiting farms'''''
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| − | *'''''Halofuginone and other drug treatments'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Cryptosporidium#Control|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Giardia</font>==
| + | '''[[Tissue Cyst Forming Coccidian Flashcards]] |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| + | </big> |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the key points of the life cycle and prepatent period of ''Giardia''?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Simple life cycle'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Direct life cycle'''''
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| − | *'''''Reproduce by binary fission'''''
| |
| − | *'''''5-6 day prepatent period'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Giardia#Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How do both people and animals become infected by ''Giardia''?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Water bourne transmission'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Direct faecal-oral transmission'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Giardia#Epidemiology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How would you diagnose a ''Giardia'' infection?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''The cysts are heavy and do not float well in saturated sodium chloride solution'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Cysts excretion is intermittent so faeces need to be collected and sampled over 3 days'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Cyst antigen can be detected in faeces by an immunoassay'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Giardia#Diagnosis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Piroplasmida</font>== | + | ===Protozoa=== |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| + | <FlashCard questions="3"> |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| + | |q1=What are the four different ways protozoa can move? |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| + | |a1= |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| + | *Cilia |
| − | |-
| + | *Flagellum |
| − | |<big>'''True or False: Both trans-stadial and trans-ovarian transmission can occur in ''Babesia'' species'''
| + | *Pseduopodia |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | *Gliding |
| − | *'''''True'''''
| + | |l1=Protozoa_Structure_and_Function |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | |q2=How do protozoa reproduce? |
| − | |-
| + | |a2= |
| − | |<big>'''What are the recognisable features of small ''Babesia'' species and give an example'''
| + | *By binary fission |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | *By schizogony |
| − | *'''''Peripheral nucleus''''' | + | *By sporogony |
| − | *'''''Obtuse angle''''' | + | *By gametogeny |
| − | *'''''B. divergens''''' | + | |l2=Protozoa_Life_Cycle |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | |q3=Briefly summarise the life cycle of protozoa |
| − | |- | + | |a3= |
| − | |<big>'''What are the recognisable features of large ''Babesia'' species and give an example'''
| + | *The infectious sporozoite are released from the oocyst invading epithelial tissue |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | *The nucleus of the sporozoites divides forming a schizont which contains merozoites (schizogony) |
| − | *'''''Central nucleus'''''
| + | *Schizont ruptures releasing merozoites which form micro and macrogamonts in the epithelial tissue (gametogeny) |
| − | *'''''Acute angle'''''
| + | *Microgamonts penetrate the macrogamont forming the zygote |
| − | *'''''B. major'''''
| + | *The zygote forms the oocyst which is passed in the faeces |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | *Sporulation occurs which makes the oocyst infectious |
| − | |-
| + | |l3=Protozoa_Life_Cycle |
| − | |<big>'''What are the predisposing features to ''Babesia'' infection?'''
| + | </FlashCard> |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Susceptible animals introduced into an infected area''''' | |
| − | *'''''Infected ticks introduced into a clean area''''' | |
| − | *'''''Infected cattle introduced into an area with clean ticks''''' | |
| − | *'''''Temporary reduction in the tick population decreasing the transmission rate (causing enzootic instability)''''' | |
| − | *'''''Infected are transported or stressed in other ways, e.g. parturition'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | |
| − | |- | |
| − | |<big>'''What are the different vectors for ''Babesia'' species?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Ixodes ricinus for B. divergens'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Haemaphysalis for B. major'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Boophilus for B. bovis and B. bigemina''''' | |
| − | *'''''Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus for B. canis'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What species are the natural vectors for ''Cytauxzoon''?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Ticks''''' | |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Cytauxzoon felis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Where do schizonts of ''Cytauxzoon felis'' develop?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''In macrophages'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Cytauxzoon felis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the main condition caused by ''Theileria parva''?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''East Coast Fever''''' | |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the main condition caused by ''Theileria parva'' and what is the intermediate host?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''East Coast Fever''''' | |
| − | *'''''Rhipicephalus appendiculatus'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the pathogenesis of ''Theileria parva'' infections?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Proliferation in the lymphoblasts''''' | |
| − | *'''''Proliferation in the local lymph node followed by spread throughout the body'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Lymphocyte depletion''''' | |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Theileria parva'' infection?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Pyrexia'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Enlarged local lymph node'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Loss of condition'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Tissue Cyst Forming Coccidia</font>== | + | ===Tropical Protozoa=== |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| + | <FlashCard questions="8"> |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| + | |q1=What species transmits Leishmania? |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| + | |a1= |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| + | *Sandflies |
| − | |-
| + | *Phlebotomus spp. in the Old World |
| − | |<big>'''What are the two main species of ''Neospora'' of veterinary interest and which animals do they affect?'''
| + | *Lutzomyia spp. in the New World |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | |l1=Leishmania |
| − | *'''''N. caninum''''' | + | |q2=Which cells are ''Leishmania'' species intracellular parasites of? |
| − | **'''''Dogs''''' | + | |a2=Macrophages |
| − | *'''''N. hughesi''''' | + | |l2=Leishmania |
| − | **'''''Horses'''''
| + | |q3=What are the clinical signs of ''Leishmania'' infections? |
| − | ||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | |a3= |
| − | |- | + | *Cutaneous form |
| − | |<big>'''How long is the prepatent period of ''Neospora''?'''
| + | **Ulcers on the lips, eyelids and pinnae of ears |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | *Visceral form |
| − | *'''''5 days'''''
| + | **Eczema |
| − | ||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | **Fever |
| − | |- | + | **Generalised lympadenopathy |
| − | |<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Neospora'' infections in dogs?'''
| + | |l3=Leishmania |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | |q4=How can you treat and prevent ''Leishmania'' infections? |
| − | *'''''Ascending paralysis''''' | + | |a4= |
| − | *'''''Sudden collapse due to myocarditis''''' | + | *Chemotherapy |
| − | *'''''Muscle wasting''''' | + | *Prevent sandflies biting dogs through collars containing insecticides |
| − | ||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | *Destruction of infected and stray dogs |
| − | |-
| + | |l4=Leishmania |
| − | |<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Neospora'' infections in cattle?'''
| + | |q5=Which diseases so ''Trypanosome'' species cause in cattle and in humans? |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | |a5= |
| − | *'''''Abortion''''' | + | *Nagana in cattle (wasting disease) |
| − | *'''''Encephalomyelitis''''' | + | *Chagas disease in humans, armadillos and possums |
| − | *'''''Paresis''''' | + | *Sleeping sickness in humans |
| − | ||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | |l5=Trypanosoma |
| − | |- | + | |q6=Fill in the missing words about ''trypanosoma'' infections? |
| − | |<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Neospora'' infections in horses?'''
| + | <p>Salivarian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the ??? and ??? of ???. This is also known as ??? development. Stercorian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the ??? of ??? bugs, keds and ???. This is also known as ??? development.</p> |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | |a6= |
| − | *'''''Myeloencephalitis''''' | + | *proboscis |
| − | ||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | *foregut |
| − | |- | + | *Tsetse flies |
| − | |<big>'''How many intermediate and final hosts does ''Sarcocystis'' have?'''
| + | *anterior station |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | *hindgut |
| − | *'''''One final host''''' | + | *Triatomid |
| − | *'''''One intermediate host''''' | + | *tabanids |
| − | ||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Sarcocystis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | *posterior station |
| − | |- | + | |l6=Trypanosoma |
| − | |<big>'''True or False: ''Sarcocystis'' infections are mainly asymptomatic'''
| + | |q7=What are the general clinical signs of ''trypanosoma'' infections? |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | |a7= |
| − | *'''''True'''''
| + | *Anaemia |
| − | ||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Sarcocystis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | *Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen |
| − | |-
| + | *Degeneration and inflammation of multiple organs |
| − | |<big>'''What is Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?'''
| + | *Loss of body condition |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | *Oedema of the limbs and genitalia in horses |
| − | *'''''Necrotising encephalomyelitis affecting the grey and white matter of the CNS'''''
| + | *Myocarditis and corneal opacity in dogs and cats |
| − | *'''''Caused by S. neurona'''''
| + | |l7=Trypanosoma |
| − | *'''''Causes spinal cord dysfunction leading to ataxia and paralysis'''''
| + | |q8=How are ''trypanosoma'' infections diagnosed? |
| − | ||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Sarcocystis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | |a8= |
| − | |-
| + | *Giemsa stained smears |
| − | |<big>'''What is the most pathogenic species of ''Toxoplasma''?'''
| + | *Fresh blood films looking for motile trypanosomes |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | *Haematocrit tubes looking for motile trypanosomes at the buffy coat/plasma interface |
| − | *'''''T. gondii''''' | + | |l8=Trypanosoma |
| − | ||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | </FlashCard> |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''True or False: The life cycle of ''Toxoplasma'' is direct'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''False''''' | |
| − | *'''''The life cycle is complex''''' | |
| − | *'''''Described as facultatively heterozygous''''' | |
| − | ||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | |
| − | |- | |
| − | |<big>'''Describe the acute phase of ''Toxoplasma'' infections'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Asexual reproduction in the cell by endodyogeny (budding) producing 8-16 tachyzoites
| |
| − | *'''''Tachyzoites are released when host cell bursts''''' | |
| − | *'''''Haematogenous spread as more cells are infected''''' | |
| − | *'''''Infection continues until the animal develops immunity (around 2 weeks) at which point the infection enters the chronic phase''''' | |
| − | ||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Describe the chronic phase of ''Toxoplasma'' infections'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Slow growing intracellular bradyzoites become walled off forming infective cysts''''' | |
| − | *'''''Bradyzoites are protected from the host immune response (whereas extracellular tachyzoites are killed)''''' | |
| − | *'''''Cysts remain viable for months to years in muscle and nervous tissue''''' | |
| − | *'''''If immunity is suppressed the infection can revert to the acute form'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |- | |
| − | |<big>'''How can ''Toxoplasma'' infections be prevented?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''ELISA to check for seropositive cats''''' | |
| − | *'''''Humans can avoid oocyst ingestion''''' | |
| − | *'''''Humans can avoid tissue cyst ingestion''''' | |
| − | *'''''Sheep can be vaccinated or given medicated feed'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | |
| − | |}
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Tropical Protozoa</font>== | + | ===Other Important Protozoa=== |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| + | <FlashCard questions="9"> |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| + | |q1=What is ''Balantidium'' and where is it found? |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| + | |a1= |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| + | *Ciliate protozoan |
| − | |-
| + | *Commensal organism |
| − | |<big>'''What species transmits Leishmania?'''
| + | *Found in the lumen of the large intestine of pigs and humans |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | |l1=Balantidium |
| − | *'''''Sandflies'''''
| + | |q2=How would you diagnose ''Cyclospora'' infections? |
| − | *'''''Phlebotomus spp. in the Old World'''''
| + | |a2= |
| − | *'''''Lutzomyia spp. in the New World'''''
| + | *Faecal smear for oocysts |
| − | ||[[Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | *Zeihl-Neelson stain positive |
| − | |-
| + | *Oocysts autoflouresce |
| − | |<big>'''Which cells are ''Leishmania'' species intracellular parasites of?'''
| + | |l2=Cyclospora |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | |q3=How can ''Entamoeba'' cause abcesses in the liver? |
| − | *'''''Macrophages'''''
| + | |a3= |
| − | ||[[Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | *Erosion of the large intestine may allow the parasite to enter the bloodstream |
| − | |-
| + | *Once in the bloodstream the parasite can reach the liver and cause ascesses |
| − | |<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Leishmania'' infections?'''
| + | |l3=Entamoeba |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | |q4=What disease does ''Histomonas meleagridis'' cause and in which species? |
| − | *'''''Cutaneous form'''''
| + | |a4= |
| − | **'''''Ulcers on the lips, eyelids and pinnae of ears'''''
| + | *Causes Blackhead |
| − | *'''''Visceral form'''''
| + | *Affects turkeys |
| − | **'''''Eczema'''''
| + | *Chickens are asymptomatic carriers |
| − | **'''''Fever'''''
| + | |l4=Histomonas |
| − | **'''''Generalised lympadenopathy'''''
| + | |q5=In which caecal nematode worm is ''H. meleagridis'' carried? |
| − | ||[[Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | |a5=Heterakis gallinarum |
| − | |-
| + | |l5=Histomonas |
| − | |<big>'''How can you treat and prevent ''Leishmania'' infections?'''
| + | |q6=What are the clinical signs of ''H. meleagridis'' infections? |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | |a6= |
| − | *'''''Chemotherapy'''''
| + | *Ante-mortem |
| − | *'''''Prevent sandflies biting dogs through collars containing insecticides'''''
| + | **Cyanotic head and wattles |
| − | *'''''Destruction of infected and stray dogs'''''
| + | **Yellow droppings |
| − | ||[[Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | *Post Mortem |
| − | |-
| + | **Necrotic mucosa in caecum |
| − | |<big>'''Which diseases so ''Trypanosome'' species cause in cattle and in humans?'''
| + | **1cm diameter circular lesions in the liver |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | |l6=Histomonas |
| − | *'''''Nagana in cattle (wasting disease)'''''
| + | |q7=What are the clinical signs of ''Microsporidia'' infections? |
| − | *'''''Chagas disease in humans, armadillos and possums'''''
| + | |a7= |
| − | *'''''Sleeping sickness in humans'''''
| + | *Head-tilt |
| − | ||[[Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | *Incontinence |
| − | |-
| + | *Uveitis |
| − | |<big>'''Fill in the missing words about ''Leishmania'' infections?'''
| + | *Cataracts |
| − | ||<big>Salivarian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the <font color="white">'''''proboscis'''''</font> and <font color="white">'''''foregut'''''</font> of <font color="white">'''''Tsetse flies'''''</font>. This is also known as <font color="white">'''''anterior station development'''''</font>. Stercorian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the <font color="white">'''''hindgut'''''</font> of <font color="white">'''''Triatomid bugs, keds'''''</font> and <font color="white">'''''tabanids'''''</font>. This is also known as <font color="white">'''''posterior station development'''''</font>.
| + | *But mostly asymptomatic |
| − | ||[[Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | |l7=Microsporidia |
| − | |-
| + | |q8=How is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' transmitted? |
| − | |<big>'''What are the general clinical signs of ''Leishmania'' infections?'''
| + | |a8=Venerally |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | |l8=Tritrichomonas foetus |
| − | *'''''Anaemia'''''
| + | |q9=Where is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' found in cattle? |
| − | *'''''Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen'''''
| + | |a9= |
| − | *'''''Degeneration and inflammation of multiple organs'''''
| + | *Uterus of cows |
| − | *'''''Loss of body condition'''''
| + | *Preputial cavity of bulls |
| − | *'''''Oedema of the limbs and genitalia in horses'''''
| + | |l9=Tritrichomonas foetus |
| − | *'''''Myocarditis and corneal opacity in dogs and cats'''''
| + | </FlashCard> |
| − | ||[[Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | [[Category:Protozoa]][[Category:Parasite Flashcards]] |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How are ''Leishmania'' infections diagnosed?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Giemsa stained smears'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Fresh blood films looking for motile trypanosomes'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Haematocrit tubes looking for motile trypanosomes at the buffy coat/plasma interface'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Other Important Protozoa</font>==
| |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is ''Balantidium'' and where is it found?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Ciliate protozoan''''' | |
| − | *'''''Commensal organism''''' | |
| − | *'''''Found in the lumen of the large intestine of pigs and humans''''' | |
| − | ||[[Other Important Protozoa#Balantidium|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How would you diagnose ''Cyclospora'' infections?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Faecal smear for oocysts''''' | |
| − | *'''''Zeihl-Neelson stain positive''''' | |
| − | *'''''Oocysts autoflouresce''''' | |
| − | ||[[Other Important Protozoa#Cyclospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How can ''Entamoeba'' cause abcesses in the liver?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Erosion of the large intestine may allow the parasite to enter the bloodstream''''' | |
| − | *'''''Once in the bloodstream the parasite can reach the liver and cause ascesses''''' | |
| − | ||[[Other Important Protozoa#Entamoeba|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What disease does ''Histomonas meleagridis'' cause and in which species?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Causes Blackhead''''' | |
| − | *'''''Affects turkeys''''' | |
| − | *'''''Chickens are asymptomatic carriers''''' | |
| − | ||[[Other Important Protozoa#Histomonas meleagridis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''In which caecal nematode worm is ''H. meleagridis'' carried?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Heterakis gallinarum'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Other Important Protozoa#Histomonas meleagridis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''H. meleagridis'' infections?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Ante-mortem''''' | |
| − | **'''''Cyanotic head and wattles''''' | |
| − | **'''''Yellow droppings''''' | |
| − | *'''''Post Mortem''''' | |
| − | **'''''Necrotic mucosa in caecum''''' | |
| − | **'''''1cm diameter circular lesions in the liver''''' | |
| − | ||[[Other Important Protozoa#Histomonas meleagridis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Microsporidia'' infections?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Head-tilt''''' | |
| − | *'''''Incontinence''''' | |
| − | *'''''Uveitis''''' | |
| − | *'''''Cataracts''''' | |
| − | *'''''But mostly asymptomatic''''' | |
| − | ||[[Other Important Protozoa#Microsporidia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' transmitted?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Venerally'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Other Important Protozoa#Tritrichomonas foetus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Where is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' found in cattle?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Uterus of cows''''' | |
| − | *'''''Preputial cavity of bulls''''' | |
| − | ||[[Other Important Protozoa#Tritrichomonas foetus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | |
| − | |}
| |
