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| + | #redirect[[Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis]] |
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| − | {{dog}}
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| − | ==Signalment==
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| − | Middle-aged, small-breed dogs such as:
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| − | *Toy and Miniature Poodles
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| − | *Miniature Schnauzers
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| − | *Yorkshire Terrier
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| − | *Dachshunds
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| − | ==Description==
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| − | Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis is characterised by acute vomiting and diarrhoea. Gastrointestinal integrity is loss, resulting in a rapid movement of blood, fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen. The aetiology is unknown but it may relate to ''Clostridium perfringens'' enterotoxicosis or an immune-mediated reaction. There is usually no history of garbage, chemical or foreign body ingestion. | |
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | ===Clinical Signs===
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| − | *Acute and progressive haematoemesis and/or haematochezia, with vomiting preceding diarrhoea
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| − | *Critically ill or moribund patient in severe cases
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| − | *Depression and anorexia
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| − | *Abdominal pain
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| − | *Dehydration and hypovolaemic shock occurs over a period of 8 - 12 hours.
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| − | *Pyrexia (rare)
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| − | *Thrombocytopaenia (severe cases)
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| − | *Pre-renal or renal azotaemia (severe cases)
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| − | ===Laboratory Tests===
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| − | ====Haematology====
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| − | *Haemoconcentration with PCV > 60%
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| − | *Normal or increased total protein concentrations, but proportionately lower than would be expected from the corresponding increase in PCV due to loss of protein through the intestines.
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| − | ====Other Tests====
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| − | *Faecal cytology may reveal red blood cells, occasional white blood cells, ''C. perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin. ''C. perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin can be found in a normal dog, therefore care has to be taken not to over-interpret this.
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| − | ===Diagnostic Imaging===
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| − | *Abdominal radiograph may reveal fluid and gas filled small and large intestines.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | *Start treatment prior to a full diagnostic investigations.
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| − | *Aggressive intravenous fluid therapy is important for the treatment and prevention of shock.
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| − | **Colloidal or plasma are recommended to replace the intravascular deficit due to loss of protein, followed by crystalloids to complete rehydration.
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| − | **Clinical improvements should be noted within a few hours but resolution of clinical signs may take a few days.
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| − | *A broad spectrum antimicrobials such as ampicillin combined with fluoroquinolone are appropriate against C. perfringens. This is recommended to be given empirically.
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| − | *Initially, Nil Per Os should be implemented. Once vomiting has stopped a bland and highly digestible diet such as chicken and rice can be introduced.
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| − | ==Prognosis==
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| − | Good if presented in a timely fashion. The duration of the disease is normally between 24 - 72 hours. Complete recovery in most cases provided there is no complication such as hypoproteinaemia or sepsis. However, recurrence is possible.
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| − | ==References==
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| − | *Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
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| − | *Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''.
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| − | *Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
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