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| − | {{unfinished}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Yeast-like Fungi]] |
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| − | <br>
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| − | ==Candidosis==
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| − | [[Image:Sour Crop.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sour Crop - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]
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| − | [[Image:Candida.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Candida - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]] | |
| − | [[Image:Candida in vivo.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Candida in vivo - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]
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| − | *''Candidia albicans'' is the most important species
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| − | **''C. tropicalis'' and ''C. pelliculosa'' are other important species
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| − | *World wide distribution
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| − | *Usually an endogenous mycoses
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| − | *Noramlly present on [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]], [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Vagina/Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] and in the [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|GI tract]]
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| − | *Immunocompromised animals may show symptoms
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| − | *Usually lesions on mucous membranes and at mucocutaneous junctions
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| − | *Many species have been implicated in bovine [[Mastitis|mastitis]]
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| − | *''C. albicans'' has been isolated in porcine stomach ulcers
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| − | *''C. rugosa'' has been implicated in pyometra in mares
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| − | *Infection of the [[Crop- Anatomy and Physiology|crop]], [[Crop- Anatomy and Physiology|oesophagus]] and [[The Avian Oral Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|mouth]] occur in poultry and other birds leading to '''sour crop'''
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| − | **White-grey lesions in mouth which adhere loosly to the mucous membrane
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| − | **[[Crop- Anatomy and Physiology|Crop]] wall may be thickened
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| − | **[[Crop- Anatomy and Physiology|Crop]] wall may be covered by a yellow-white necrotic material
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| − | **Underlying tissue is inflammed
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| − | *Causes thrush in humans
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| − | *''C. albicans'' causes metritis and vaginitis in mares and genital candidiosis in stallions (and bulls)
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| − | *Skin scrapings in 20% KOH for microscopy
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| − | *Diphtheritic membranes, pus and fluids can be examined by Lactophenol Cotton Blue and stained by Gram or Methylene Blue stain
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| − | *Gram positive, oval, thin-walled budding cells with hyphal fragments
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| − | *Grow on Blood agar and Sabouraud's Dextrose agar producing soft, creamy colonies in 24-48 hours
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **Exudative, papular, pustular to ulcerative dermatitis
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| − | **Stomatitis and otitis externa may develop
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| − | *Microscopically:
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| − | **Spongiotic neutrophilic pustular inflammation
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| − | **Parakeratosis
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| − | **Ulcerations
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| − | **Superficial exudate containing organisms
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| − | *''Candida'' spp. in [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Candidiasis|candidiasis]]
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| − | ==Cryptococcosis==
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| − | *Over 19 species
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| − | **''C. neoformans'' only major pathogen
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| − | *Worldwide
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| − | *Occurs in high concentrations in pigeon droppings (high creatinine concentration)
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| − | **The pigeon is not infected
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| − | **''C. neoformis'' colonise the droppings after they have been excreted
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| − | **Also found in fruit, milk and soil
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| − | *Exogenous, inhaled infection which is generally sporadic (non-contageous)
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| − | **Can also be absorbed via skin penetration and ingestion
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| − | *May be a primary pathogen or opportunistic
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| − | *Targets the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory system]]
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| − | **Including the [[Paranasal sinuses - Anatomy & Physiology|paranasal sinuses]]
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| − | **Also can be systemic, cutaneous, visceral, skeletal or ocular
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| − | *Causes sporadic mastitis in cattle
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| − | **Can spread within the herd
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| − | *Affects the [[Nervous and Special Senses - Anatomy & Physiology#Central Nervous System (CNS)|CNS]] of dogs and cats
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| − | **[[Paranasal sinuses - Anatomy & Physiology|paranasal sinuses]] and [[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|pharynx]] can be infected with dissemination to the [[Nervous and Special Senses - Anatomy & Physiology#Central Nervous System (CNS)|CNS]] and other tissues
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| − | ***E.g. [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|Lungs]], [[Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#The Kidney|kidneys]] and [[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology|joints]]
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| − | **Also causes subcutaneous granulomas
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| − | **The tip of the nose is a common site of infection in cats
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| − | ***See [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#In Cats|here]]
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| − | *Causes myxoma-like lesions of the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lung]] and [[Lips - Anatomy & Physiology|lip]] in horses
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| − | *Causes cryptococcal meningitis in humans
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| − | *Also affects dolphins, foxes, ferrets, monkeys, birds, cheetahs and guinea-pigs
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| − | *Large yeast with capsule seen using India ink stain
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| − | *Stains with PAS (Periodic acis Schiff)
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| − | *Gram positive
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| − | *Grows on blood agar and Sabouraud's Dextrose agar forming white, granular colonies which become slimy, mucoid and turn creamy/brown within a week
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| − | *Species identified by carbohydrate assimilation tests
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| − | *Antigen and antibody should be tested for as [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibody]] formed by the body is soon overwhelmed and neutralised by abundent polysaccharide antigen from the capsule in active, systemic infections
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| − | **Latex agglutination for [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Actions of the Adaptive Immune System|antigen]], complement fixation, ELISA and IFAT can be used
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| − | ==Geotrichosis==
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| − | *''G. candidum''
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| − | *Rare
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| − | *Two forms: the yeast-like (glaborous) and fluffy
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| − | *Affects a wide range of species
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| − | *Usually diagnosed post-mortem
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| − | *Affects the mucous membranes, udder, [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy & Physiology|bronchi]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
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| − | *Usually mild, causing suppurative granulomas
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| − | *Can be recovered from otitis externa infections in dogs
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| − | *Organisms appear as rectangular or spherical arthrospores on wet mounts
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| − | **Thick walled, non-budding, gram positive
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| − | *Grow on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar
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| − | **Membranous colonies
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| − | **Do not grow well on blood agar
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| − | ==''Malassezia pachydermidis''==
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| − | [[Image:Malassezia pachydermidis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Malassezia pachydermidis'' - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]
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| − | *Normally present in oily areas on the external [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology|ear]] canal and [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]] in dogs
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| − | **Some strains have been recovered from the [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology|ear]] canal of cats
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| − | *Bottle-shaped, small budding cells, non-mycelial
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| − | *Gram stain shows purple yeast cells with a very wide base
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| − | *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar in 2 weeks of incubation at room temperature
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| − | *Greenish discolouration on blood agar
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| − | *Clinical disease may cause yeast to proliferate and cause infection
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **Regional lesions: muzzle, [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology|ears]], interdigital, perianal
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| − | **Or generalised disease
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| − | **Erythematous, hyperpigmented, [[Skin Glossary - Pathology|lichenified]] and scaly lesions with alopecia
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| − | *Microscopically:
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| − | **[[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis]]
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| − | **Spongiotic pustular dermatitis
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| − | **[[Skin Glossary - Pathology|Acanthosis]]
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| − | **Organisms are usually present- minimum 3-5 yeasts per high-power field must be found to imply cause of disease
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| − | *''Malassezia pachydermis'' in [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Malassezia dermatitis|malassezia dermatitis]]
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| − | ==''Rhodotorula''==
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| − | *''Rhodotorula minuta'' and ''R. rubra''
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| − | *Canine [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology|ear]] infections
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| − | *Equine [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]]
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| − | *Seldom seen in animal infections
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| − | ==''Torulopsis glabrata''==
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| − | *Commensal in animals and is found in the soil
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| − | *Implicated in cases of:
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| − | **Pyelonephritis, pneumonia, septicaemia and meningitis (humans)
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| − | **Mastitis and abortion in cattle
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| − | **Systemic infection of monkeys and dogs
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| − | ==Trichosporonosis==
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| − | *Found in soil
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| − | *Deuteromycetes yeast
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| − | *''Trichosporonosis beigelii''
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| − | **Implicated in feline nasal granuloma, [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Superficial mycoses|skin infections]] in horses and monkeys, mastitis in cattle and sheep and in feline bladder infections
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| − | *''T. capitum'' implicated in bovine mastitis
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| − | ==Further Links==
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| − | *[[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology]]
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| − | *[[Antifungal Drugs]]
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