Difference between revisions of "General Pathology"

From WikiVet English
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Redirected page to Category:General Pathology)
 
(146 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
==An Introduction to General Pathology==
+
#REDIRECT[[:Category:General Pathology]]
 
 
* The term '''pathology''' is derived from:
 
** '''Pathos''', or suffering
 
** '''Logos''', or reasoning/logic.
 
* Pathology is defined as the study of disease including:
 
** '''Aetiology''' - causal factor(s)
 
** '''Pathogenesis''' - the development of the disease within the body.
 
** '''Lesions''' - the observable structural changes in the tissues and fluids of the body.
 
** '''Pathophysiology''' - the functional changes in diseased tissues.
 
** '''Sequel''' - the consequences of the disease in the body.
 
** '''Remote effects''' - the effect of disease in one tissue on other tissues in the body.
 
 
 
===Lesions===
 
 
 
* Lesions are the abnormalities or changes seen in living tissues due to disease.
 
* Observed in
 
** The live animal
 
** Tissues surgically removed from the live animal
 
*** Biopsy/ excision
 
** Animals soon after death
 
*** Necropsy, post-mortem examination.
 
 
 
====Decription of Lesions====
 
 
 
* Descriptions of lesions is very important
 
* Whole organs, tissues or individual lesions are described under headings such as
 
*# Size
 
*# Shape
 
*# Colour
 
*# Weight
 
*#* Generally in relation to body weight
 
*# Texture and Consistency
 
*# Appearance of the cut surface
 
*# Contents of hollow organs
 
*# Position, relationships and effects on adjacent tissues
 
 
 
===Disease===
 
 
 
====Definition and Type====
 
 
 
* '''Disease''' is  a definite morbid (illness producing) process, having a characteristic train of symptoms or signs.
 
** May affect the whole body or any of its parts.
 
** The disease's aetiology, pathology and prognosis may be known or unknown.
 
* There are two main categories of disease.
 
*# '''Acute'''
 
*#* Characterised by sudden onset and short duration.
 
*#* The outcome of acute disease may be:
 
*#** Death
 
*#** Resolution due to host defence response or clinical therapy
 
*#** Progression to chronic disease
 
*# '''Chronic'''
 
*#* Characterised by insidious onset and protracted course.
 
*#* The outcome of chronic disease may be:
 
*#** Progressive destruction of tissue
 
*#*** Compromises funtion and  endangers life,
 
*#** The halting of the course of disease, with tissue repair by scarring.
 
 
 
====Factors Involved in the Development of Disease====
 
 
 
* There are three factors which conspire with each other to produce disease.
 
*# The individual animal.
 
*#* In particular, the animals nutritional and immune status
 
*#** This is modified by:
 
*#*** Recent or concurrent disease
 
*#*** Previous exposure to the agent(s) responsible
 
 
 
2. Agent(s) - a. most do not cause a uniform pattern of disease: host defences are important
 
b. its capacity to produce disease depends upon
 
i. the dose and /or
 
ii. the virulence of the agent
 
c. several agents may be involved; usually one agent debilitates, allowing others
 
to exert a greater effect within the body
 
d. the presence of an agent does not necessarily mean it is the cause of the
 
disease.
 
e. the absence of a pathogenic (disease producing) agent from the tissues may
 
be due to
 
i. clinical therapy and/or
 
ii. host defence systems
 
3. Environment - a. overcrowding of animals
 
b. mixing animals from differing origins allows 'carriers' (animals which
 
harbour the pathogenic agent but which do not show signs of disease) to
 
infect susceptible animals
 
c. changes in management routine
 
 
 
====Types of Agents Causing Disease====
 
====Aspects of Disease====
 
====Post Mortem Examination====
 
====Techniques Involved in Pathological Examination====
 
 
 
==Degenerations and Infiltrations==
 
 
 
===Cellular Swelling===
 
===Hydropic Degeneration===
 
===Cellular Faty Change===
 
===Mucoid Degeneration===
 
===Hyaline Degeneration===
 
====Fibrinoid Degeneration====
 
====Amyloidosis====
 
===Glycogen Infiltration===
 
===Cellular Inclusions===
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
==Necrosis==
 
===Causes of Necrosis===
 
===Gross and Histological Features of Necrotic Lesions===
 
====Coagulation Necrosis====
 
====Liquefactive Necrosis====
 
====Caseation Necrosis====
 
===Sequel to Necrosis===
 
====Fat Necrosis====
 
====Gangrene====
 
 
 
==Post Mortem Change==
 
===Types of Post Mortem Change===
 
====Rigor Mortis====
 
 
 
====Post Mortem Clotting of Blood====
 
====Hypostatic Congestion====
 
====Post Mortem Imbibition of Blood====
 
====Inbibition of Bile Pigment====
 
====Gaseous Distenstion of the Alimentary Tract====
 
====Autolysis====
 
====Putrefaction====
 
 
 
==Pigmentation and Calcification==
 
 
 
===Exogenous Pigmentation===
 
====Carbon (Anthracosis)====
 
====Pneumoconiosis====
 
====Carotenoids====
 
 
 
===Endogenous Pigmentation===
 
====Melanin====
 
====Blood Pigments====
 
=====Haemoglobin=====
 
=====Haemosiderin=====
 
=====Haematin=====
 
=====Jaundice=====
 
=====Haematoidin=====
 
=====Porphyria=====
 
====Lipofuscin====
 
 
 
 
 
===Mineralisation===
 
 
 
====Calcification====
 
=====Dystrophic=====
 
=====Metastatic (Hypercalcaemia)=====
 
 
 
==Circulatory Disorders==
 
 
 
===Introduction====
 
 
 
====Venous Congestion and Hyperaemia====
 
 
 
====Oedema====
 
 
 
 
 
====Dehydration====
 
 
 
====Shock====
 
 
 
====Haemorrhage====
 
=====Rhexis=====
 
=====Diapedesis=====
 
 
 
====Haemostasis====
 
 
 
====Thrombus====
 
=====Causes=====
 
=====Evolution=====
 
=====Embolism=====
 
=====Post Mortem Clots=====
 
 
 
====Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation====
 
 
 
==Inflammation==
 
 
 
===Cardinal Signs===
 
 
 
===Causes===
 
 
 
===Acute===
 
====Introduction====
 
====Sequence of Events====
 
====Fluids====
 
=====Serous=====
 
=====Catarrhal=====
 
=====Fibrinous=====
 
=====Diptheritic=====
 
=====Haemorrhagic=====
 
=====Purulent=====
 
=====Functions of Exudate=====
 
=====Sequel to Exudation=====
 
====Cells====
 
=====Neutrophils=====
 
=====Eosinophils=====
 
=====Mast Cells=====
 
=====Basophils=====
 
 
 
===Chronic===
 
====Introduction====
 
====Cells====
 
=====Macrophages=====
 
=====Lymphocytes=====
 
====Types====
 
=====Granulomatous Inflammation=====
 
=====Granulation Tissue=====
 
=====Lymphocytic Inflammation=====
 
 
 
===Changes in Inflammatory Cells Circulating in Blood===
 
====Neutrophilia====
 
====Neutopenia====
 
====Eosinophilia====
 
====Eosinopenia====
 
====Lymphocytosis====
 
====Lymphopenia====
 
====Plasma Cells====
 
====Monocytosis====
 
 
 
===Role of The Lymph Node in Inflammation===
 
 
 
===Healing and Repair===
 
====Introduction====
 
====Repair====
 
=====Regeneration=====
 
=====Replacement=====
 
====In Particular Tissues====
 
=====Skin=====
 
======First Intention======
 
======Second Intention======
 
=====Bones=====
 
=====Respiratory Tract=====
 
=====Alimentary Tract=====
 
=====Urinary Tract=====
 
=====Genital Tract=====
 
=====Central Nervous System=====
 
 
 
==Growth Disorders==
 
 
 
===Congenital===
 
====Causes====
 
====Malformations====
 
=====Cyclops=====
 
=====Bulldog Calf=====
 
=====Cleft Palate=====
 
=====Cystic Kidney=====
 
=====Spina Bifida=====
 
=====Hydrocephalus=====
 
=====Cerebellar Hypoplasia=====
 
=====Skeletal Malformations=====
 
=====Skin Defects=====
 
=====Muscular Defects=====
 
=====Cardiac Defects=====
 
=====Sexual Organ Malformation=====
 
=====Metabolic Diseases=====
 
 
 
===Growth Disorders During Life===
 
====Atrophy====
 
====Hypertrophy====
 
====Hypoplasia====
 
====Hyperplasia====
 
====Metaplasia====
 
====Dysplasia====
 
====Anaplasia====
 
====Neoplasia====
 
=====Benign Tumours=====
 
=====Malignant Tumours=====
 
=====Aetiology of Tumours=====
 
=====Phases of Tumour Growth=====
 
=====Tumour Classification and Nomenclature=====
 

Latest revision as of 12:42, 15 February 2011