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| − | ==Introduction==
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Herpesviridae]] |
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| − | *Equine herpes virus 1 and 4 in [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
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| − | ===Feline herpesvirus -1===
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| − | *Feline viral rhinotracheitis in [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
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| − | **One of the causes of Feline viral rhinotracheitis
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| − | ***Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex. The most frequent aetiologic agent is FHV-1, and less frequently feline calicivirus and/or [[Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species|''Chlamydophia psittaci'']] (NB: previously called Chlamydia psittaci var felis)
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| − | ***All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium
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| − | ***Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis
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| − | ***C.psittaci more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis
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| − | ***Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies, with expected clinical signs
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| − | ***Resolution of clinical signs usually occurs by 7-14 days.
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| − | ***FHV-1 remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress. Can infect the cornea -> ulcerative keratitis.
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| − | ***Occasional mortality in kitten or immunocompromised animals usually associated with secondary bacterial infection.
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| − | ===Bovine herpesvirus -1===
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| − | * Bovine herpesvirus - 1 (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) contributes to [[Intestines - Catarrhal Enteritis#Undifferentiated Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea|undifferentiated neonatal calf diarrhoea]], a mixed viral enteritis in calves; and [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
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| − | *Causes '''Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)'''
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| − | *Highly infectious URT disease of cattle
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| − | *High morbidity, low mortality
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| − | *Aerosol transmission - requires close contact between animals
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| − | *BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear inclusion eosinophilic inclusion bodies)from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
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| − | **leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.... serous -> catarrhal -> purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing.
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| − | **with secondary bacterial infection (eg: Pasturella spp., Mycoplasma spp., Fusobacterium necrophorum) can lead to fibrinous to necrotizing inflammation; mucosal sloughing, ulceration... pyrexia, dyspnoea ... inhalation pneumonia... death.
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| − | *Clinical signs include coughing, discharge, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate.
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| − | *Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection.
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| − | *Cause of abortion >5 months of gestation
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| − | *Also causes infectious vulvovaginitis/balanoposthitis and meningoencephalitis
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| − | ===Inclusion body rhinitis (porcine cytomegalovirus)===
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| − | *in [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] and sometimes in [[Bacterial infections#In Pigs|atrophic rhinitis]]
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| − | *Cytomegaloviruses
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| − | **Porcine cytomegalovirus
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| − | ***Causes Inclusion body rhinitis
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| − | ****Disease of suckling piglets 1-5 wks of age
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| − | ****Clinical signs: those associated with acute/subacute rhinitis (ie: serous nasal discharge, progressing to catarrhal or purulent discharge with time and secondary bacterial infections; sneezing; pyrexia)
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| − | ****Morbitity high, mortality low
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| − | ****Histology: large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the nasal and sinus respiratory epithelium with lymphocytic infiltration of the mucosa.
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| − | ****Can develop viraemic stage, with inclusions in other organs eg: renal tubular epithelium. Piglets can die during this phase.
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| − | ==Alphaherpesviridae==
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| − | ==Betaherpesviridae==
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| − | ==Gammaherpesviridae==
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| − | [[Oral Cavity - Cavity & Gingiva#Malignant Catarrhal Fever|Alcephaline-1 Virus]]
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