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− | {{review}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Respiratory Bacterial Infections]] |
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− | {{toplink
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− | |backcolour = D1EEEE
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− | |linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
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− | |linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
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− | |maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
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− | |pagetype =Pathology
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− | |sublink1=Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology
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− | |subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION
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− | }}
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− | <br>
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− | ==In general==
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− | *Main clinical expression is as secondary invaders of previously damaged lung tissue due to viral or parasitic involvement or environmental stress
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− | *Some are initial pathogens in their own right while others can damage the tract allowing invasion by more pathogenic types
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− | ==In Dogs==
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− | [[Infectious Canine Tracheitis]]
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− | ===[[Tuberculosis - Dogs]]===
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− | ===[[Nocardiosis]]===
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− | ==In Cats==
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− | ===[[Chlamydiosis, Feline]] ===
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− | ===''[[Mycoplasma felis]]''===
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− | ==In Horses==
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− | ===[[Strangles]]===
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− | ===''[[Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus]]''===
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− | ===[[Glanders]]===
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− | ===''[[Rhodococcus equi]]''===
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− | ==In Cattle==
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− | ===[[Necrotic Laryngitis]]===
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− | [[Cillia-associated Respiratory Bacillus]]
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− | ===[[Pneumonic Pasteurellosis]]===
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− | ===[[Tuberculosis - Cattle]]===
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− | ===[[Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia]] ===
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− | ===Enzootic pneumonia of calves===
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− | [[Image:Acute suppurative pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Acute suppurative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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− | [[Image:Calf pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Calf pneumonia - chronic, with abscesses, fibrosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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− | *Range of infectious agents together with managemental and environmental stress cause damage to the respiratory tract
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− | *Causes unthriftiness in animals < 6 months old
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− | *Usually the primary pathogen is a virus, secondary pathogens are bacteria and mycoplasmas
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− | *Pathogens:
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− | **[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasmas'']]
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− | ***Mycoplasmal [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] of calves is an important component of the syndrome of enzootic pneumonia
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− | ***On its own causes Mycoplasmal ("Cuffing") pneumonia responsible for [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis and bronchiolitis]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
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− | ***It is thought to pick up host antigens in order to prevent recognition by the body defences as foreign
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− | ***In uncomplicated mycoplasma infection, the lesions are generally mild and consist of patchy red/purple areas of [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis|atelectasis]] in the '''cranio-ventral lung lobes'''
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− | ***More confluent areas can develop with an underlying bronchointestitial pneumonia and resulting atelectasis
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− | ***''M. bovis''
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− | ****Most pathogenic
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− | ****Widespread lymphofollicular accumulations which contain germinal centres develop more slowly
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− | ****These lesions can result in narrowing of the bronchiolar lumina - this is the classical lesion of '''‘cuffing pneumonia’'''
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− | ***''M. dispar''
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− | ***''Ureaplasma'' sp.
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− | **Viruses
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− | ***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Respiratory syncytial virus|Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)]] - can be primary, causes suppression of pulmonary immune response
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− | ***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|Parainfluenza- 3 (PI3)]] - can be primary, causes suppression of pulmonary immune response
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− | ***[[Flaviviridae|Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)]] - suppression of pulmonary immune response
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− | ***[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviruses]]
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− | ***[[Coronaviridae|Calf coronavirus]]
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− | ***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)|Bovine herpes viruses]]
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− | **Bacteria
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− | ***[[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica'' serotype A1]]
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− | ***[[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']]
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− | ***[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']]
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− | ***''[[Haemophilus somnus]]''
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− | *All transmitted by aerosol and direct contact
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− | *Gross pathology:
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− | **Consolidation of the cranioventral areas which increases in volume with duration
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− | **On cut surface, exudate in the main airway of affected lobules with thickening of the surrounding connective tissue
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− | *Micro pathology:
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− | **Substantial lymphoid tissue around the airways
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− | **Even to proper follicle formation, some of which may be large enough to compress the lumen
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− | **Mixed cell exudate in the airway lumen
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− | **Partial alveolar collapse distal to the compression
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− | **Alveolar exudate contains a mixture of inflammatory cells
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− | **Slight thickening of the alveolar walls with lymphocytes
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− | ===Acute exudative pneumonia===
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− | *[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] in very young calves
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− | *[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']] is most frequently isolated
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− | *Cranio-ventral distribution
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− | ==In Sheep==
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− | ===Laryngeal chondritis===
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− | [[Image:Oedema and chondritis in larynx of sheep.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Oedema and chondritis in larynx of sheep (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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− | *Caused by [[Fusobacterium|''Fusobacterium necrophorum'']]
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− | *[[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of laryngitis|Infection of laryngeal cartilages]]
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− | *Can be seen in short-necked breed, e.g. Texels, East Friesians and Southdowns
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− | *Leads to extreme respiratory distress
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− | *Laryngeal mucosa is necrotic and ulcerated
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− | *Associated with [[Larynx Degenerative - Pathology#Laryngeal oedema|laryngeal oedema]]
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− | *Also may occur in young [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]] and calves
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− | ===''CAR bacillus''===
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− | *As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus|in cattle]]
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− | ===Enzootic pneumonia of lambs===
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− | *Caused by [[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella (Manheimia) haemolytica'']], possibly together with [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae'']]
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− | *Mainly in late spring/early summer after environmental stress i.e. handling or moving
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− | *May be acute with producing a fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and associated [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
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− | *Or tending towards chronicity with abscessation and fibrous pleural adhesions
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− | *A septicaemic form (mortality 5%) is reported to follow the stress of movement to new pasture in the autumn in weaned lambs.
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− | *Foci of necrosis containing many bacteria are seen at the site of initial invasion in the pharynx and in the '''[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]'''
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− | *Meningitis in young lambs and mastitis in ewes are other expressions
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− | ===Melioidosis (Pseudoglanders)===
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− | *Caused by [[:Category:Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species|''Pseudomonas (Malleomyces) pseudomallei'']], Closely related to [[Burkholderia mallei|''P. mallei'']] in [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]]
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− | *Causes disease in sheep, goats and pigs, occasionally other species
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− | *Starts as a pyemia and localises in varius tissues, including the lung as abscessation
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− | **Encapsulated abscesses contain yellow, caseous or creamy pus
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− | *[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] and arthritis are the most common presentation
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− | ==In Pigs==
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− | ===Atrophic Rhinitis===
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− | [[Image:Severe atrophic rhinitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Severe atrophic rhinitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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− | *Atrophy of nasal turbinates and distortion and shortening of the snout
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− | *Caused by co-infection of the nasal mucosa with
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− | **''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''
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− | ***Appears to facilitate colonisation of nasal epithelium by the toxigenic ''Pasteurella''
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− | **Toxin-producing strain of [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']] capsular type D (or sometimes A)
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− | ***Experimental evidence shows that the toxin acts directly on bone cells of the nasal turbinates to cause bone loss, each pathogen can cause atrophy itself but greater damage when together
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− | *Exacerbated by adverse dietary and managemental factors
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− | *In rapidly growing young pigs (4-12 weeks old)
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− | *Clinical signs
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− | **Progressive facial deformity with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], catarrhal nasal discharge
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− | **Sneezing, coughing, can progress to dyspnoea and anorexia
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− | *Gross pathology
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− | **Overlying skin on shortened snout is thrown into folds
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− | **Deviation of the snout to most affected side
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− | **Various loss of turbinate bone, ventral usually more affected
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− | **Deviation of nasal septum away from affected chamber
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− | **Inflammatory, haemorrhagic and ulcerative lesions in the nasal mucosa
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− | *Micro pathology
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− | **Reduction in the amount of bone in the turbinates
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− | **No osteoid laid down between osteoblasts and existing bone
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− | **Increased fibrous tissue
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− | **Non-specific mucosal inflammation
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− | *2 forms of the disease
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− | **''''Progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''
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− | ***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. [[Pasteurella multocida|''P.multocida'']] adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B.bronchiseptica'']] or [[Cytomegalovirus|Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)]]
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− | ***Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive
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− | **''''Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''
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− | ***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]'' strains alone, that carry a gene that encodes for a dermonecrotic toxin.
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− | ***Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter
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− | *''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]'' also causes [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
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− | ===Necrotic laryngitis in pigs===
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− | *As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|in cattle]]
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− | *Caused by infection with [[Fusobacterium|''Fusobacterium necrophorum'']]
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− | ===Enzootic pneumonia of pigs===
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− | [[Image:Enzootic pneumonia of pigs.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Enzootic pneumonia of pigs(Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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− | *Caused by ''[[Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]]'' and ''[[Mycoplasma hyorhinis]]''
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− | *Also called '''mycoplasmal pneumonia'''
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− | *Major cause of unthriftiness in young pigs
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− | *[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] in weaned pigs
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− | *Cough, reduced growth rate
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− | *Attached to cilia - no [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary clearance]]
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− | *Usually non-fatal unless there is secondary infection (e.g. [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']])
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− | *Gross pathology:
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− | **Confluent consolidation of the cranioventral lung lobes
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− | **In other areas there may be small red to grey focal lesions evident which indicate the bronchiolar orientation of the inflammatory process
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− | *Histologically
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− | **Changes result from a catarrhal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
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− | **In chronic cases, prominent accumulations of lymphoid cells can be seen around airways and blood vessels
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− | ===''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae''===
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− | *Causative agent: ''[[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae]]''
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− | *Expolsive outbreaks of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
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− | *Spread by direct contact and aerosol
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− | *Lesions
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− | **Largely from toxin produced
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− | **In diphragmatic lobes of the lungs
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− | *Haemorrhage with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]]
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− | *Usually localised, sometimes generalised
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− | ===Pasteurellosis in pigs===
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− | *[[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']] can cause a severe acute fibrinous [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in pigs
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− | *The most significant disease here is that caused by ''P. multocida'' secondary to underlying [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''mycoplasma'' pneumonia]], see above [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
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− | **This results in chronic suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] with abscessation and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
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− | *If there is considerable pleural involvement, it may be indistinguishable from lesions caused by ''[[Haemophilus pleuropneumonia]]'' (below)
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− | *Also isolated from cases of meningitis and septicaemia in piglets
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− | ===Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia===
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− | *Caused by [[Haemophilus pleuropneumonia|''Haemophilus (Actinobacillus) pleuropneumonia'']]
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− | *Seen mainly between 6wks-6mths of age but will affect any age
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− | *Highly pathogenic strains are capable of initiating disease on their own with high mortality in young pigs
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− | *A fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleurisy]]
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− | *Foci of haemorrhagic consolidation or necrosis, mainly around major bronchi, tend to sequestrate
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− | *Tending to spread throughout all lung lobes: therefore a cranioventral distribution may not be particularly evident
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− | ===Glasser's disease===
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− | *Caused by ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]''
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− | *May cause suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]] (as part of polyserositis)
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− | *Stress of mixing, weaning and adverse environmental conditions are predisposing to the disease
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− | ===Streptococcal pneumonia===
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− | *Caused by ''[[Streptococcus suis]]'' type II
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− | ===Tuberculosis in pigs===
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− | *Pigs are susceptible to the [[:Category:Mycobacterium species|''Mycobacterium'' spp.]] causing tuberculosis [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|in cattle]]
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− | *Rarely extends to lungs after haematogenous spread from ingested bacteria causing tubercles with various degrees of calcification, encapsulation and caseation
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− | ==In Rabbits==
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− | ===Snuffles===
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− | *Caused by [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']], less commonly and/or ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''
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− | *Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|rhinitis]]
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− | ===''CAR bacillus''===
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− | *As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus|in cattle]]
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