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| − | {{review}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]] |
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| − | {{toplink
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| − | |backcolour = D1EEEE
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| − | |linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
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| − | |linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
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| − | |maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
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| − | |pagetype =Pathology
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| − | |sublink1=Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology
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| − | |subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| − | ==In Dogs==
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| − | ==='''''[[Filaroides osleri]]'''''===
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| − | ===''[[Linguatula serrata]]''===
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| − | ===''[[Angiostrongylus vasorum]]''===
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| − | ===''[[Dirofilaria immitis]]''===
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| − | ===[[Capillaria|''Capillaria aerophila'']]===
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| − | ===[[Toxoplasmosis]]===
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| − | ===''[[Crenosoma vulpis]]''===
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| − | ==In Cats==
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| − | ===[[Crustacea|''Linguatula serrata'']]===
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| − | *As in dogs above
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| − | ===''[[Aelurostrongylus abstrussus]]''===
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| − | ===[[Filarioidea|''Dirofilaria immitis'']]===
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| − | *As in dogs above
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| − | *Not very infective in cats but one dead adult causes acute pulmonary crisis - [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Embolism, thrombosis and infarction|thromboembolism]]
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| − | ===[[Trichinelloidea|''Capillaria aerophila'']]===
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| − | *As in dogs above
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| − | ==In Horses==
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| − | ===[[Ascaridoidea|''Parascaris equorum'']]===
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| − | *Causes transient [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal discharge]] when migrating through [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]]
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| − | **Foals and weanlings
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| − | ===[[Trichostrongyloidea|''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'']]===
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| − | *Found in smaller [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi]]
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| − | *Cause of chronic cough
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| − | *Donkeys are a reservoir mostly without any clinical signs
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| − | *Gross pathology:
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| − | **Raised areas of over-inflated pulmonary tissue surrounding small bronchus, containing worms and mucopurulent exudate
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| − | **Hyperplastic bronchial epithelium
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| − | **Coiled worms in small bronchi
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| − | **Peribronchial cuffing
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| − | **In caudal lung lobes
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| − | *Histologically
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| − | **Central coiled parasites and associated chronic catharral bronchitis
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| − | **Goblet cell hyperplasia
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| − | **Lymphoid cell infiltration
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| − | *In [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]], the worms usually fail to achieve sexual maturity
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| − | ===[[Coccidia|''Besnoitia bennetti'']]===
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| − | *Papilloma like lesions in [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of laryngitis|larynx]], skin and sclera
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| − | *Thick walled parasitic cysts, covered by hyperplastic epithelium, may be ulcerated
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| − | ==In Cattle==
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| − | ===[[Trichostrongyloidea|''Dictyocaulus viviparus'']]===
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| − | [[Image:Dictyocaulus viviparus.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Dictyocaulus viviparus (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | [[Image:Parasitic bronchitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Parasitic bronchitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | *Found in [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|trachea]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|large bronchi]]
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| − | *Causes parasitic bronchitis, synonyms: bovine dictyocauliosis, husk, hoose
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| − | *Primary infection:
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| − | **Penetration phase (week 1)
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| − | ***Larvae migrate to lungs, no clinical signs
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| − | **Prepatent phase (weeks 1-3)
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| − | ***Development and migration of larvae -> [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] -> eosinophilic exudate -> air passage blocked -> alveolar collapse (distal to blockage) -> clinical signs (tachypnoea, coughing)
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| − | **Patent phase (weeks 4-8)
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| − | ***Egg-producing mature worms
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| − | ***[[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchitis|Bronchitis]] - due to mature worms
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| − | ***[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Verminous pneumonia|Parasitic pneumonia]] - due to aspiration of eggs and larvae -> cellular infiltration of [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]], macrophages, giant cells
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| − | **Postpatent phase (weeks 8-12)
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| − | ***Majority of worms are expelled
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| − | ***In 25% of cases clinical signs may reappear as a result of alveolar epithelialisation
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| − | ***May be together with [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Emphysema|interstitial emphysema]] and [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|pulmonary oedema]], or secondary bacterial infection
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| − | *Reinfection syndrome:
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| − | **Immune cattle show clinical signs only if exposed to large numbers
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| − | **Pathogenesis - large numbers of larvae reach bronchioles where they are killed by immune response
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| − | **Pathology - parasite granulomata (grey-green, 5mm diameter, macrophages, giant cells, eosinophils) and eosinophilic plugs in bronchioles
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| − | <small>Above from RVC Parasitology study guide (2005-2006)</small>
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| − | *Preferentially in dorsocaudaland ventrocaudal regions
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| − | *Histologically
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| − | **Bronchial epithelium may show hyperplasia due to the chronic irritation
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| − | **Cross-sections of the parasites
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| − | **Exudate contains many eosinophils
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| − | **Foci of necrosis in the rest of the lung tissue due to aspiration of eggs and larvae fromhese adults
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| − | **In mild infestations, the adults are normally expelled in two months - self cure
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| − | *Repeated infestation and secondary bacterial infection are common
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| − | *Two other types of lesion in lung tissue due to this worm have been reported:
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| − | **Nodules (2-4mm in diameter) with greenish centres in the reinfection of an immune animal - the host mounting a successful defence and preventing larval migration
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| − | **Pulmonary oedema and emphysema - thought to be a hypersensitivity response to a massive invasion of larvae in previously- sensitised animals - the gross and microscopic appearance is similar to that of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and oedema (ABPEE)|fog fever]]
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| − | ===Hydatid cysts===
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| − | [[Image:Echinococcus cysts.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Echinococcus cysts (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | *The intermediate stage of [[Cestodes|''Echinococcus granulosus'']] can be found in the lungs of many species, most commonly in lungs of cattle and sheep
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| − | *They range in size up to 5-10 cm diameter and although of little clinical significance, are important as a zoonosis (can be upto football size in man) and because of carcass condemnation
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| − | ===[[Strongyloidea|''Syngamus laryngeus'']]===
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| − | *In [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of laryngitis|larynx]] of cattle in Asia and South America
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| − | ==In Sheep==
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| − | ===Hydatid cysts===
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| − | As in cattle (above)
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| − | ===[[Insecta|''Oestrus ovis'']]===
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| − | *Larvae in the [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal cavity]] of sheep and goats = Nasal bots
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| − | *Causes reaction in [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Sinusitis|sinuses]]
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| − | [[Media:Oestrus ovis.mp4]]
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| − | ===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Protostrongylus'' spp.]]===
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| − | *Adult worms block small [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchioles]] resulting in accumulation of eggs, larvae and cellular debri distal to the blockage
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| − | *Lesions resemble [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dictyocaulus filaria|''Dictyocaulus filaria'']] but are fewer in numbers, lobular and at periphery of caudal lobes, they are very similar to [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Muellerius capillaris|''Muellerius capillaris'']] lesions
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| − | ===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Muellerius capillaris'']]===
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| − | *Common in sheep and goats
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| − | *Rarely any clinical significance
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **Multifocal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial]] [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] grossly evident as firm "lead-shot" nodules throughout the parenchyma, often with enveloping granulomatous response
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| − | **Early stages are reddish in colour, turning later to greyish green, may calcify
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| − | **Mostly in dorsal region of caudal lung lobes
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| − | *Histologically:
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| − | **Damaged alveolar septa with mild fibrous thickening and lymphocytic infiltrate
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| − | **In more developed host resistance, foci of eosinophils around larvae, hyperplastic epithelium, macrophages, giant cells
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| − | **May be some calcification
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| − | ===[[Trichostrongyloidea|''Dictyocaulus filaria'']]===
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| − | *Most susceptible when first exposed to contaminated pasture
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| − | *Animals < 1 year old
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| − | *Pathogenesis and pathology similar to [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dictyocaulus viviparus|''Dictyocaulus viviparus'']] in cattle
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| − | *[[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|Bronchitis]]
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| − | ==In Pigs==
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| − | ===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Metastrongylus'' spp.]]===
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| − | *Found in [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchioles and smaller bronchi]]
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **Small grey nodules, especially along ventral border of caudal lobes
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| − | **Adult worms in bronchi and bronchioles
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| − | *Histologically:
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| − | **Catarrhal and eosinophilic bronchitis and bronchiolitis
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| − | **Possibly [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]]
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| − | *Rarely becomes extensive
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| − | *May transmit [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Swine influenza|swine influenza]]
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| − | ===[[Ascaris suum|''Ascaris suum'']]===
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| − | *May cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Verminous pneumonia|parasitic pneumonia]] during a part of its migration
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| − | *Larvae may be infected with [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Swine influenza|Swine influenza]]
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| − | *May cause severe pneumonia in calves housed where infected pigs were housed previously
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| − | *Cause diffuse [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with haemorrhage, [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]], [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|interlobular oedema]] and [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Emphysema|emphysema]]
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