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| − | {{review}}
| + | #redirect[[:Category:Central Nervous System - Degenerative Pathology]] |
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| − | {{toplink
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| − | |backcolour = E0EEEE
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| − | |linkpage = Nervous System - Pathology
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| − | |linktext =Nervous System
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| − | |maplink = Nervous System (Content Map) - Pathology
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| − | |pagetype =Pathology
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| − | ==Equine Laryngeal Hemiplegia==
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| − | * These [[Equine Alimentary System - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]] are also known as "'''roarers'''"
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| − | * Equine laryngeal hemiplegia is a very common condition.
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| − | ===Pathogenesis===
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| − | # The disease starts with an idiopathic degeneration of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. | |
| − | # This leads to atrophy of the left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle.
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| − | # Without the use of this muscle, the horse is unable to abduct the left arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold.
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| − | # Airways are therefore partially obstructed on inspiration.
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| − | [http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=F_KSsrch&kw=HEMIPLEGIA View images courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
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| − | ==Lysosomal Storage Disease (LSD)==
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| − | * Occurs in many breeds of dogs and cats.
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| − | * Genetic defects give deficiencies of specific enzymes of degradation.
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| − | ** Disease only occurs in animals homozygous at the gene pair controlling enzyme activity.
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| − | *** The genes are co-dominant.
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| − | ** Enzyme activity is extremely low or entirely absent.
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| − | * Large amounts of waste products accumulate within cells.
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| − | ** Nervous system cells are predisposed.
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| − | ** Cells become engorged.
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| − | ** Normal function is prevented.
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| − | * [http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Display&imgID=20531 Image 1, courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine] <BR>
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| − | * [http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Display&imgID=20530 Image 2, courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
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| − | * [http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Display&imgID=20185 Image 3, courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
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| − | ===Clinical Signs===
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| − | * Nervous system cells are predisposed to the disease, and so progressive neurological signs predominate.
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| − | ** Develop between 2 weeks and 12 months of age.
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| − | ** The disease is ultimately fatal.
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| − | * For example, Siamese cats show:
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| − | ** Ganglisidosis
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| − | ** Mucopolysaccharidosis
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| − | ===Diagnosis===
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| − | * Clinical signs are considered.
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| − | * Urine enzyme assays may be helpful.
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| − | * Post-mortem diagnosis is possible.
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| − | * More recently, gene tests have been available.
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| − | ==Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS)==
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| − | * CDS causes signs of senility.
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| − | * Increasing numbers of dogs and cats are suffering from CDS.
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| − | ** Prevalence is similar to that seen in humans: an 85 year-old human is roughly equivalent to a 15 year-old cat, and a 13-14 year-old dog.
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| − | *** Aging in dogs id breed specific.
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| − | ===Pathology===
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| − | * A number of changes are seen in the brains of geriatric animals which may cause the signs of CDS.
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| − | ** Vascular insufficiency leads to:
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| − | *** Hypoxia
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| − | *** Increased free redical production
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| − | *** Deposition of amyloid plaques
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| − | *** Modification of other brain proteins
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| − | ===Treatment===
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| − | * There are no published studies related to treatment of CDS in animals.
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| − | * Potential therapies include:
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| − | ** Dietary modification
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| − | *** Diets are enriched with antioxidants, vitamin E, beta-carotene and essential fatty acids.
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| − | ** Environmental stimulation
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| − | ** Drugs
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| − | *** Selegiline
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| − | *** Propentofylline
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| − | *** Nicergoline
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