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| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Lungs - Circulatory Pathology]] |
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| − | ==Hyperaemia==
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| − | *Localised of diffuse as part of acute inflammation
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| − | ==Congestion==
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| − | *Decreased outflow of venous blood
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| − | *Most commonly caused by left-sided or bilateral cardiac failure
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| − | **Stagnant blood in pulmonary vessels -> red blood cells move into alveoli and are phagocytosed -> [[Pigmentation and Calcification - Pathology#Haemosiderin|haemosiderin in macrophages]] (heart failure cells)
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| − | *One-sided in post-mortem hypostatic congestion
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| − | *Acute pulmonary congestion is seen after barbiturate euthanasia
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| − | *Leads to pulmonary oedema (below)
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| − | ==[[Pulmonary Oedema]]==
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| − | ==Pulmonary haemorrhage==
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| − | [[Image:Pulmonary haemorrhage.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Pulmonary haemorrhage (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | *Potential sequel of septicaemias, bleeding disorders, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and severe congestion, severe acute inflammation, "back splashing" at slaughter (aspiration of blood)
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| − | *[[Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage|'''Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage''' (EIPH)]]
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| − | ==Embolism, thrombosis and infarction==
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| − | [[Image:Pulmonary infarction.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Pulmonary infarction (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]] | |
| − | [[Image:Segmental pulmonary infarction.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Segmental pulmonary infarction (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | *Lungs are strategically situated to catch emboli carried in venous blood
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| − | *Because the lung is supplied by both pulmonary and bronchial arteries and has extensive collateral channels, infarction usually does not follow embolism or thrombosis unless pulmonary circulation is already compromised
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| − | *In animals, greatest risk comes from:
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| − | **'''Tumor emboli'''
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| − | ***From e.g.: osteosarcoma and haemangiosarcoma in dogs, uterine carcinoma in cattle
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| − | **'''Septic emboli'''
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| − | ***From bacterial [[Endocarditis|endocarditis]], jugular thrombophlebitis, [[Hepatic Abscessation|hepatic abscesses]] etc.
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| − | ***May cause unexpected death if in large numbers
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| − | ***May develop [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology|suppurative pneumonia]] -> [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Pulmonary abscesses|pulmonary abscesses]], [[Arteritis|arteritis]], [[Thrombosis|thrombosis]]
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| − | *Pulmonary infarcts usually occur when there is embolisation or thrombosis during general circulatory collapse or passive congestion of heart failure
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| − | *Pulmonary thromboembolism is a sequel to in cattle to large emboli from liver abscesses close to the vena cava
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| − | **Death may ocur due to massive haemorrhaging into lung tissue
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| − | *Parasites (e.g. [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dirofilaria immitis|''Dirofilaria immitis'']], [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Angiostrongylus vasorum|''Angiostrongylus vasorum'']]) may be responsible
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| − | *Long-term intravenous catheterisation may cuse thrombi pieces breaking off and lodging in pulmonary vessels
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| − | ==Pulmonary hypertension==
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| − | *Caused by '''left-to-right vascular shunts''' or increased resistance of the pulmonary vascular system
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| − | *In animals, it is most commonly a sequel of '''widespread fibrosis in the lung''' or [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic bronchitis|chronic bronchitis or bronchiolitis]] which stimulates hypertrophy in the walls of small arteries
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| − | *Severe prolonged pulmonary hypertension leads to [[Cor Pulmonale|'''cor pulmonale''']], right-sided heart failure secondary to primary lung disease
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| − | ==Test yourself with the Lungs Pathology Flashcards==
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| − | [[Lungs_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Lungs Pathology Flashcards]]
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