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*Ubiquitous organism
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*Ubiquitous organism  
*Oval, subterminal endospores; spores survive boiling for hours
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*Oval, subterminal endospores; spores survive boiling for hours  
*Causes [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Botulism|botulism]], a potentially fatal intoxication
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*Causes [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Botulism|botulism]], a potentially fatal intoxication  
*Germination of endospores, growth of bacterial cells and toxin production in anaerobic conditions e.g. decaying carcasses and vegetation
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*Germination of endospores, growth of bacterial cells and toxin production in anaerobic conditions e.g. decaying carcasses and vegetation  
*Disease in animals consuming rotting carcasses and in herbivores through contamination of feed
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*Disease in animals consuming rotting carcasses and in herbivores through contamination of feed  
*Pathogenesis:
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*Pathogenesis:  
 
**Intoxication on ingestion and absorbtion of toxin from GIT into the blood  
 
**Intoxication on ingestion and absorbtion of toxin from GIT into the blood  
**Occasionally germination of spores in wounds or GIT
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**Occasionally germination of spores in wounds or GIT  
 
**Neurotoxin carried to peripheral nervous system  
 
**Neurotoxin carried to peripheral nervous system  
**Toxin binds gangliosides irreversibly at the neuromuscular junction
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**Toxin binds gangliosides irreversibly at the neuromuscular junction  
 
**Blocks release of acetylcholine  
 
**Blocks release of acetylcholine  
*Clinical signs:
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*Clinical signs:  
**Dilated pupils, dry mucus membranes, decreased salivation, tongue flacidity, dysphagia in farm animals
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**Dilated pupils, dry mucus membranes, decreased salivation, tongue flacidity, dysphagia in farm animals  
**Incoordination and knuckling followed by flacid paralysis and recumbency
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**Incoordination and knuckling followed by flacid paralysis and recumbency  
**Paralysis of respiratory muscles leads to death
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**Paralysis of respiratory muscles leads to death  
**Flacid paralysis of legs and wings in birds
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**Flacid paralysis of legs and wings in birds  
*Diagnosis:
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*Diagnosis:  
**Mouse inoculation with infected serum
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**Mouse inoculation with infected serum  
**Toxin detection by PCR, ELISA
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**Toxin detection by PCR, ELISA  
**Toxin neutralisation tests in mice
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**Toxin neutralisation tests in mice  
*Treatment: polyvalent antiserum neutralises unbound toxin
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*Treatment: polyvalent antiserum neutralises unbound toxin  
*Toxoid vaccine used in endemic regions
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*Toxoid vaccine used in endemic regions  
 
*Implicated in [[Grass Sickness|equine grass sickness]]
 
*Implicated in [[Grass Sickness|equine grass sickness]]
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[[Category:Neurotoxic_Clostridia]][[Category:Cattle Bacteria]][[Category:Sheep Bacteria]][[Category:Birds]]
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[[Category:Neurotoxic_Clostridia]] [[Category:Cattle_Bacteria]] [[Category:Sheep_Bacteria]] [[Category:Avian Bacteria]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]]
 
Author, Donkey, Bureaucrats, Administrators
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