Changes

Also Known As – '''''Bacterial endocarditis – Bacterial pericarditis – Ear/Skin/Teat necrosis – streptococcal pustules – Enterococcal diarrhoea – Joint ill – Jowl abscess – Streptococcal meningitis – Streptococcal lymphadenitis – Streptococcosis – Streptococcal Otitis'''''  

Also Known As: '''''Bacterial Endocarditis –- Bacterial Pericarditis  – Ear/Skin/Teat Necrosis  – Streptococcal Pustules  – Enterococcal Diarrhoea  – Joint Ill  – Jowl Abscess  – Streptococcal Meningitis  – Streptococcal Lymphadenitis  – Streptococcosis – Streptococcal Otitis'''''  

Caused By – ''Streptococcus suis – S. bovis – S. dysgalactiae – S. hyointestinalis – S. intestinalis -  S. Porcinus - Enterococcus faecalis – E. durans''  

Caused By: ''[[Streptococcus suis]] – S. bovis – S. dysgalactiae – S. hyointestinalis – S. intestinalis -  S. porcinus - Enterococcus faecalis – E. durans''  

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Streptoccocal and Enterococcal infections are '''common in pigs as the organisms are commensal''' in their [[Alimentary System|gastrointestinal]] and [[Reproductive System|reproductive]] tracts and environments. A multitude of diseases affecting many systems can be the result of infection with these organisms.  

Streptoccocal and Enterococcal infections are '''common in pigs as the organisms are commensal''' in their gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts and environments. A multitude of diseases affecting many systems can be the result of infection with these organisms.  

Most streptococcus species are opportunistic and the main precursor to ''S. suis infection'' in pigs is '''[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome]]'''.

Most streptococcus species are opportunistic and the main precursor to ''S. suis'' infection in pigs is '''[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome]]'''.

''S. suis'' is also a '''zoonosis''' of significance which can cause severe disease in humans.

''S. suis'' is also a '''zoonosis''' of significance which can cause severe disease in humans.

''S. suis'' '''capsular type 2''' is prevalent in almost all countries and is the organism of most importance from this group of pathogens.

''S. suis'' '''capsular type 2''' is prevalent in almost all countries and is the organism of most importance from this group of pathogens.

==Streptococcus suis Infection==

==''Streptococcus suis'' Infection==

===Signalment and Distribution===

===Signalment and Distribution===

The main host of ''S. suis'' is the domestic pig but cattle, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats and people can acquire the infection with varying clinical presentations.  

The main host of ''S. suis'' is the domestic pig but cattle, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats and people can acquire the infection with varying clinical presentations.  

It is a '''natural inhabitant of the respiratory, reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts'''. Disease usually occurs following '''movement of pigs between herds'' and is transmitted via the '''respiratory route''',<ref> Torremorell, M., Calsamiglia, M., Pijoan, C (1998) '''Colonization of suckling pigs by Streptococcus suis with particular reference to pathogenic serotype 2 strains'''. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(1):21-26; 32</ref> '''during suckling''' and also '''vertically''' from infected sows to piglets.<ref> Amass, S. F., SanMiguel, P., Clark, L. K (1997) '''Demonstration of vertical transmission of Streptococcus suis in swine by genomic fingerprinting'''. J Clinical Microbiology, 35(6):1595-1959; 10</ref>

It is a '''natural inhabitant of the respiratory, reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts'''. Disease usually occurs following '''movement of pigs between herds'' and is transmitted via the '''respiratory route''',<ref> Torremorell, M., Calsamiglia, M., Pijoan, C (1998) '''Colonization of suckling pigs by Streptococcus suis with particular reference to pathogenic serotype 2 strains'''. ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research'', 62(1):21-26; 32</ref> '''during suckling''' and also '''vertically''' from infected sows to piglets.<ref> Amass, S. F., SanMiguel, P., Clark, L. K (1997) '''Demonstration of vertical transmission of Streptococcus suis in swine by genomic fingerprinting'''. ''J Clinical Microbiology'', 35(6):1595-1959; 10</ref>

===Clinical Signs===

===Clinical Signs===

Disease is often multisystemic and may involve the [[Respiratory System|respiratory]], [[Nervous System|neurological]], [[Cardiovascular System|cardiovascular]], [[Alimentary System|gastrointestinal]] and [[Integumentary System|skin]]. '''The first sign is usually pyrexia. Peracute cases will be found dead''' with no premonitory signs.  

Disease is often multisystemic and may involve the respiratory, neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal systems and skin. '''The first sign is usually pyrexia. Peracute cases will be found dead''' with no premonitory signs.  

'''[[Pneumonia Overview|Pneumonia]]''' is a common presentation of infected pigs usually featuring '''coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, epistaxis, tachypnoea, dyspnoea''' and a change in voice.  

'''[[Pneumonia Overview|Pneumonia]]''' is a common presentation of infected pigs usually featuring '''coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, epistaxis, tachypnoea, dyspnoea''' and a change in voice.  

Pigs with streptococcal '''[[Pericarditis]] or [[Endocarditis]]''' are '''tachycardic, have muffled heart sounds and murmurs, are often ascitic and may exhibit jugular distension'''. Pulses may be weak, mucous membranes pale and an ECG often lacks P-waves and shows dysrhythmmias.

Pigs with streptococcal '''[[pericarditis]] or [[endocarditis]]''' are '''tachycardic, have muffled heart sounds and murmurs, are often ascitic and may exhibit jugular distension'''. Pulses may be weak, mucous membranes pale and an ECG often lacks P-waves and shows [[Arrhythmias Overview|dysrhythmmias]].

'''Meningitis''' is common and severe and may cause or be a consequence of '''otitis media'''. Ear infections may present as an '''aural discharge, deafness or scratching''' of the ears. The neurological disease features '''seizures, torticollis, head tilt, muscle spasms, paddling, tremors, paresis which many involve all four limbs, ataxia, hypermetria, irritability, depression, circling, head pressing and abnormal proprioception'''. Cranial nerve deficits may be seen and opthalmological signs may result. Pigs are often found dead and mortality may be significant.

'''Meningitis''' is common and severe and may cause or be a consequence of '''otitis media'''. Ear infections may present as an '''aural discharge, deafness or scratching''' of the ears. The neurological disease features '''seizures, torticollis, head tilt, muscle spasms, paddling, tremors, paresis which many involve all four limbs, ataxia, hypermetria, irritability, depression, circling, head pressing and abnormal proprioception'''. Cranial nerve deficits may be seen and opthalmological signs may result. Pigs are often found dead and mortality may be significant.

The [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]] may be a route of entry for the pathogens or a later sign of systemic disease. '''Subcutaneous masses, abscesses and nodules may form and erythema, ulcers and sloughing''' can occur. The coat is often rough and “staring”.

The [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]] may be a route of entry for the pathogens or a later sign of systemic disease. '''Subcutaneous masses, abscesses and nodules may form and erythema, ulcers and sloughing''' can occur. The coat is often rough and “staring”.

[[Reproductive System|Reproductive]] disease can also result, causing '''agalactia, abortion and mastitis'''.  

Reproductive disease can also result, causing '''agalactia, abortion and mastitis'''.  

===Diagnosis===

===Diagnosis===

It can be confirmed by '''isolation''' from tissues, joint fluid and cerebrospinal fluid, by '''PCR''' and serologically by '''[[ELISA testing|ELISA]]'''.

It can be confirmed by '''isolation''' from tissues, joint fluid and cerebrospinal fluid, by '''PCR''' and serologically by '''[[ELISA testing|ELISA]]'''.

On post-mortem, '''suppurative bronchopneumonia, neutrophilic meningitis/encephalitis and epicarditis''' are seen. Microscopic lesions are seen in the '''lung, brain, heart and joints'''.

On post-mortem, '''suppurative [[bronchopneumonia]], neutrophilic meningitis/encephalitis and epicarditis''' are seen. Microscopic lesions are seen in the '''lung, brain, heart and joints'''.

===Treatment===

===Treatment===

===''S. suis'' in humans===

===''S. suis'' in humans===

Human cases of ''S. suis'' are '''infrequent but severe'''. '''Meningitis''' is the most common manifestation followed by '''septicaemia and endocarditis'''. The disease is often mistaken for other pathogens due to laboratories being unaware of its existence. In most cases. ''S. suis'' capsular type 2 is responsible and disease is acquired through '''close contact''' with pigs or contaminated pork products,<ref>Elbers, A. R. W., Vecht, U., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Groen, J., Wisselink, H. J., Diepersloot, R. J. A., Tielen, M. J. M (1999) '''Low prevalence of antibodies against the zoonotic. agents Brucella abortus, Leptospira spp., Streptococcus suis serotype II, Hantavirus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus among veterinarians and pig farmers in the southern part of the Netherlands'''. Veterinary Quarterly, 21(2):50-53; 51</ref> which enters through '''skin abrasions or cuts'''.<ref> Michaud, S., Duperval, R., Higgins, R (1996) '''Streptococcus suis meningitis: First case reported in Quebec'''. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 7:329-331</ref>.

Human cases of ''S. suis'' are '''infrequent but severe'''. '''Meningitis''' is the most common manifestation followed by '''septicaemia and endocarditis'''. The disease is often mistaken for other pathogens due to laboratories being unaware of its existence. In most cases. ''S. suis'' capsular type 2 is responsible and disease is acquired through '''close contact''' with pigs or contaminated pork products,<ref>Elbers, A. R. W., Vecht, U., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Groen, J., Wisselink, H. J., Diepersloot, R. J. A., Tielen, M. J. M (1999) '''Low prevalence of antibodies against the zoonotic. agents Brucella abortus, Leptospira spp., Streptococcus suis serotype II, Hantavirus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus among veterinarians and pig farmers in the southern part of the Netherlands'''. ''Veterinary Quarterly'', 21(2):50-53; 51</ref> which enters through '''skin abrasions or cuts'''.<ref> Michaud, S., Duperval, R., Higgins, R (1996) '''Streptococcus suis meningitis: First case reported in Quebec'''. ''Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases'', 7:329-331</ref>.

==Other Species and Diseases==

==Other Species and Diseases==

===Enteritis===

===Enteritis===

[[Diarrhoea]] is the primary sign associated with '''''Enterococcus spp.''''' infections, usually in '''neonatal pigs 2 -14 days old''' and commonly associated with '''''E. durans'''''. '''Mortality is usually low''', in contrast with other neonatal enteritis pathogens.<ref> Cheon, DooSung., Chae, Chanhee (1996) '''Outbreak of diarrhoea associated with Enterococcus durans in piglets'''. Journal Vet Diagnostic Investigation, 8(1):123-124; 8</ref> The condition can also affect calves and puppies.  

[[Diarrhoea]] is the primary sign associated with '''''Enterococcus spp.''''' infections, usually in '''neonatal pigs 2 -14 days old''' and commonly associated with '''''E. durans'''''. '''Mortality is usually low''', in contrast with other neonatal enteritis pathogens.<ref> Cheon, DooSung., Chae, Chanhee (1996) '''Outbreak of diarrhoea associated with Enterococcus durans in piglets'''. ''Journal Vet Diagnostic Investigation'', 8(1):123-124; 8</ref> The condition can also affect calves and puppies.  

===Lymphadenitis===

===Lymphadenitis===

Most disinfectants are active against ''S. suis'', but organic matter can reduce their efficacy so units should be pre-cleaned.

Most disinfectants are active against ''S. suis'', but organic matter can reduce their efficacy so units should be pre-cleaned.

'''Antibiotics''' can also be used prophylactically but the implicatins should always be considered.  

'''Antibiotics''' can also be used prophylactically but the implications should always be considered.  

'''Vaccines''' are available but results are inconsistent.

'''Vaccines''' are available but results are inconsistent.

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Streptococcus and Enterococcus Infections in Pigs datasheet''', accessed 04/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Streptococcus and Enterococcus Infections in Pigs datasheet''', accessed 04/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Cardiovascular Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]]

 

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Cardiovascular Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Pig]]

[[Category:Zoonoses]]