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==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
 
Sinus infection can occur in any '''psittacine''' but is particularly common in imported grey parrots. It was largely thought to be associated with a diet deficient in '''Vitamin A''' however there is now some controversy surrounding its contribution to the disease<ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref> <ref name="three">Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC''</ref>.
 
Sinus infection can occur in any '''psittacine''' but is particularly common in imported grey parrots. It was largely thought to be associated with a diet deficient in '''Vitamin A''' however there is now some controversy surrounding its contribution to the disease<ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref> <ref name="three">Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC''</ref>.
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==Treatment==
 
==Treatment==
Ideally the bird should be treated with the '''antibiotic 'Baytril'''' (enrofloxacin) as it covers the above-mentioned bacteria. Additionally the bird should receive a dose of '''Vitamin A''' by '''intramuscular''' injection. Subsequent dietary supplementation of Vitamin A by feeding '''orange''' and '''dark green vegetables''' is necessary to prevent recurrence of infection<ref name="two">Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd''<ref> <ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. Drainage and flushing of the sinus with antibiotics in severe cases is recommended  by some <ref name="three">Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC''</ref> but due to the anatomy of the sinuses and the nature of the inspissated pus produced, others report that it is normally unsuccessful<ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. If rhinoliths or choanal abcesses are present they should be removed using a needle or dental instruments.  
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Ideally the bird should be treated with the '''antibiotic 'Baytril'''' (enrofloxacin) as it covers the above-mentioned bacteria. Additionally the bird should receive a dose of '''Vitamin A''' by '''intramuscular''' injection. Subsequent dietary supplementation of Vitamin A by feeding '''orange''' and '''dark green vegetables''' is necessary to prevent recurrence of infection<ref name="two">Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd''</ref> <ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. Drainage and flushing of the sinus with antibiotics in severe cases is recommended  by some <ref name="three">Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC''</ref> but due to the anatomy of the sinuses and the nature of the inspissated pus produced, others report that it is normally unsuccessful<ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. If rhinoliths or choanal abcesses are present they should be removed using a needle or dental instruments.  
    
==Prognosis==
 
==Prognosis==
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==References==
 
==References==
 
<references />
 
<references />
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[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]
 
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]
 
[[Category:Expert Review - Bird]]
 
[[Category:Expert Review - Bird]]
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