Changes

==Consequences of Phosphorus Deficiency==

==Consequences of Phosphorus Deficiency==

===Dog:===

===Dog:===

There are surprisingly few direct studies of phosphorus deficiency in dogs. '''Normal phosphorus metabolism requires normal levels of calcium''' and the emphasis is usually on calcium requirement and the close relationship of dietary calcium and phosphorus – the Ca:P ratio. It is often difficult to produce clear signs of phosphorus deficiency without the almost inevitable involvement of calcium nutrition. Excess dietary calcium or a very high Ca:P ratio can adversely affect the absorption of phosphorus and this will inevitably result in impaired skeletal development<ref>Schoenmakers, I, Hazewinkel, HAW, van den Brom WE (1999). “Excessive Ca and P intake during early maturation in dogs alters Ca and P balance without long-term effects after dietary normalization”. J Nutr. 129:1068-1074.</ref>. '''Like calcium, this is particularly serious for young puppies, where the skeleton is still developing'''.

There are surprisingly few direct studies of phosphorus deficiency in dogs. '''Normal phosphorus metabolism requires normal levels of calcium''' and the emphasis is usually on calcium requirement and the close relationship of dietary calcium and phosphorus – the Ca:P ratio. It is often difficult to produce clear signs of phosphorus deficiency without the almost inevitable involvement of calcium nutrition. Excess dietary calcium or a very high Ca:P ratio can adversely affect the absorption of phosphorus and this will inevitably result in impaired skeletal development<ref>Schoenmakers, I, Hazewinkel, HAW, van den Brom WE (1999). “Excessive Ca and P intake during early maturation in dogs alters Ca and P balance without long-term effects after dietary normalization”. J Nutr. 129:1068-1074.</ref>. '''Like calcium, this is particularly serious for young puppies, where the skeleton is still developing'''. In adult dogs, naturally occurring phosphorus deficiency is rare though inadequate phosphorus intake (below the minimum requirement) can occur with chronic starvation, secondary to the feeding of improperly formulated home-prepared diets, or inappropriate feeding of phosphorus-restricted therapeutic diets.  Clinical signs of hypophosphatemia in adult dogs include decreased cardiac function <ref>Fuller TJ, et al (1978). "Reversible depression in myocardial performance in dogs with experimental phosphorus deficiency." J Clin Invest 62:1194-1200.</ref> as well as platelet and red blood cell dysfunction<ref>Yawata Y, et al (1974) "Blood cell abnormalities complicating the hypophosphatemia of hyperalimentation: erythrocyte and platelet ATP deficiency associated with haemolytic anemia and bleeding in the hyperalimented dog." J Lab Clin Med 84:643-653.</ref>.

 

====Recognised Syndromes Related to Phosphorus Deficiency====

====Recognised Syndromes Related to Phosphorus Deficiency====

#'''Skeletal malformation''': Jenkins and Phillips<ref>Jenkins, K, Phillips P (1960a). “The mineral requirements of the dog. 1. Phosphorus requirement and availability”. J Nutr. 70:235-240.</ref><ref>Jenkins, K, Phillips P (1960b). “The mineral requirements of the dog. 2. The relation of calcium, phosphorus and fat levels to minimal calcium and phosphorus requirements”. J Nutr. 70:241-246.</ref> described poor appetite and skeletal malformations in German shepherd puppies fed dietary phosphorus at 0.23% on a dry matter (DM) basis. These effects were largely ameliorated when the dietary content was increased to 0.33% DM. The calcium content was 0.6% DM so the Ca:P ratios were 2.6 and 1.8 respectively, higher than the ideal ratio of around 1:1.

#'''Skeletal malformation''': Jenkins and Phillips<ref>Jenkins, K, Phillips P (1960a). “The mineral requirements of the dog. 1. Phosphorus requirement and availability”. J Nutr. 70:235-240.</ref><ref>Jenkins, K, Phillips P (1960b). “The mineral requirements of the dog. 2. The relation of calcium, phosphorus and fat levels to minimal calcium and phosphorus requirements”. J Nutr. 70:241-246.</ref> described poor appetite and skeletal malformations in German shepherd puppies fed dietary phosphorus at 0.23% on a dry matter (DM) basis. These effects were largely ameliorated when the dietary content was increased to 0.33% DM. The calcium content was 0.6% DM so the Ca:P ratios were 2.6 and 1.8 respectively, higher than the ideal ratio of around 1:1.