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→Intrinsic ulcerogenic factorsNadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M (2009) Science: Overviews Equine gastric ulcer syndrome: The continuing conundrum. Equine Vet J, 41(7):611-615.
The most significant factors promoting gastric ulceration are HCl and a gastric pH persistently less than 4.0. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), lactic acid and bile acids augment the changes in squamous mucosal bioelectrical properties induced by HCl (the first sign of acidic damage). VFAs and lactic acid are by-products of the bacterial fermentation of sugars found in concentrate diets.
The most significant factors promoting gastric ulceration are HCl and a gastric pH persistently less than 4.0. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), lactic acid and bile acids augment the changes in squamous mucosal bioelectrical properties induced by HCl (the first sign of acidic damage). VFAs and lactic acid are by-products of the bacterial fermentation of sugars found in concentrate diets.
*'''Hydrochloric acid''' compromises the outer cell barrier of the squamous epithelium. It then diffuses into the cells of the ''stratum spinosum'', inhibiting cellular sodium transport and causing cell swelling, necrosis and eventual ulceration.<ref>Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M, Patton, C.S, Argenzio, R.A, Mathew, A.G, Saxton, A.M (2003) Effects of hydrochloric, acetic, butyric, and proprionic acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses. ''Am J Vet Res'',64:404-412.</ref><ref>Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M, Patton, C.S, Argenzio, R.A, Mathew, A.G, Saxton, A.M (2003) Effects of hydrochloric, valeric, and other volatile fatty acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses. ''Am J Vet Res'', 64:413-417.</ref>
*'''Hydrochloric acid''' compromises the outer cell barrier of the squamous epithelium. It then diffuses into the cells of the ''stratum spinosum'', inhibiting cellular sodium transport and causing cell swelling, necrosis and eventual ulceration.<ref>Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M, Patton, C.S, Argenzio, R.A, Mathew, A.G, Saxton, A.M (2003) Effects of hydrochloric, acetic, butyric, and proprionic acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses. ''Am J Vet Res'',64:404-412.</ref><ref>Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M, Patton, C.S, Argenzio, R.A, Mathew, A.G, Saxton, A.M (2003) Effects of hydrochloric, valeric, and other volatile fatty acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses. ''Am J Vet Res'', 64:413-417.</ref>
*'''VFAs''': acetic, prop
in vitro experiments clearly show that
squamous mucosal cells are susceptible to HCl and VFA injury in
pH, dose and time dependent man
Lactic acid has a similar chemical structure to VFAs. However,
when lactic acid was exposed to the nonglandular mucosa it did not
affect sodium transport as with VFAs. Instead lactic acid (pH 1.5
and 40 mmol/l) exposed to the nonglandular mucosa increased
tissue permeability, as indicated
Whereas, VFAs (acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids),
because of their lipid solubility, induce damage by rapidly diffusing
into the squamous mucosal cells of the stratum spinosum layer and
immediately inhibit sodium transport which results in cell swelling
and ulceration. Furthermore, in vitro experiments clearly show that
squamous mucosal cells are susceptible to HCl and VFA injury in
pH, dose and time dependent man
Lactic acid has a similar chemical structure to VFAs. However,
when lactic acid was exposed to the nonglandular mucosa it did not
affect sodium transport as with VFAs. Instead lactic acid (pH 1.5
and 40 mmol/l) exposed to the nonglandular mucosa increased
tissue permeability, as indicated
in vitro experiments clearly show that
squamous mucosal cells are susceptible to HCl and VFA injury in
pH, dose and time dependent man
Lactic acid has a similar chemical structure to VFAs. However,
when lactic acid was exposed to the nonglandular mucosa it did not
affect sodium transport as with VFAs. Instead lactic acid (pH 1.5
and 40 mmol/l) exposed to the nonglandular mucosa increased
tissue permeability, as indicated
Whereas, VFAs (acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids),
because of their lipid solubility, induce damage by rapidly diffusing
into the squamous mucosal cells of the stratum spinosum layer and
immediately inhibit sodium transport which results in cell swelling
and ulceration. Furthermore, in vitro experiments clearly show that
squamous mucosal cells are susceptible to HCl and VFA injury in
pH, dose and time dependent man
Lactic acid has a similar chemical structure to VFAs. However,
when lactic acid was exposed to the nonglandular mucosa it did not
affect sodium transport as with VFAs. Instead lactic acid (pH 1.5
and 40 mmol/l) exposed to the nonglandular mucosa increased
tissue permeability, as indicated
====Extrinsic ulcerogenic factors====
====Extrinsic ulcerogenic factors====