Changes

==Pathology of the upper airways==

==Pathology of the upper airways==

**Developmental abnormalities  

*Developmental abnormalities  

**Palatoschisis

**Palatoschisis

**Nasal deviation

**Nasal deviation

**All brachycephalic dog and cat breeds!

**All brachycephalic dog and cat breeds!

**Esp. English Bulldogs - stenotic nares, wide/long soft palate, hypoplastic trachea

***Esp. English Bulldogs - stenotic nares, wide/long soft palate, hypoplastic trachea

**CIrculatory diseases

*CIrculatory diseases

**Epistaxis

**Epistaxis

**Haemorrhage from the nose

***Haemorrhage from the nose

**Causes

***Causes

**Inflammation eg: ulcerative rhinitis

****Inflammation eg: ulcerative rhinitis

**Neoplasia eg: infiltrating tumour, haemangioma

****Neoplasia eg: infiltrating tumour, haemangioma

**Trauma  

****Trauma  

**Clotting defects

****Clotting defects

**Horse:

***Horse:

**Haemorrhagic nasal polyp

****Haemorrhagic nasal polyp

**'Ethmoid haematoma', 'Progressive haematoma' - arise from the ethmoid region and can extend to fill the nasal cavity. They can be difficult to control as they can recur after surgery. Histology - multiple areas of acute to chronic haemorrhage within a fibrous tissue stroma.

*****'Ethmoid haematoma', 'Progressive haematoma' - arise from the ethmoid region and can extend to fill the nasal cavity. They can be difficult to control as they can recur after surgery. Histology - multiple areas of acute to chronic haemorrhage within a fibrous tissue stroma.

**Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage ... see later lectures.

****Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage ... see later lectures.

**Inflammatory disease

*Inflammatory disease

**Inflammation in the URT can be classified on:

**Inflammation in the URT can be classified on:

**Location

**Location

**Nasal cavity - rhinitis

***Nasal cavity - rhinitis

**Paranasal sinuses - sinusitis

**Paranasal sinuses - sinusitis

**Guttural pouch and eustachian tube - eustachitis

**Guttural pouch and eustachian tube - eustachitis