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Arterial Diseases - WikiClinical (view source)

Revision as of 11:45, 5 September 2008

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====<big>Systemic Hypertension</big>====
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===Systemic Hypertension===
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'''Signalment:'''
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====Signalment====
    
'''Dogs''': male>female; obese animals; middle to old age
 
'''Dogs''': male>female; obese animals; middle to old age
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'''Diagnosis'''
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====Diagnosis====
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'''History & Clinical Signs''':
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=====History & Clinical Signs=====
    
*Signs are the result of ischemia, edema, and/or haemorrhage of the affected areas
 
*Signs are the result of ischemia, edema, and/or haemorrhage of the affected areas
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'''Neurological Signs:'''
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=====Neurological Signs=====
    
-Depression
 
-Depression
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'''Cardiac Signs:'''
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=====Cardiac Signs=====
    
-Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
 
-Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
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'''Ocular Signs:'''
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=====Ocular Signs=====
    
*In cats, ocular abnormalities from hypertension are usually the first thing detected.
 
*In cats, ocular abnormalities from hypertension are usually the first thing detected.
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'''Fundic Examination:
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=====Fundic Examination=====
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'''
      
-Hyphemia (Blood in the anterior chamber)
 
-Hyphemia (Blood in the anterior chamber)
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'''Renal Signs:'''
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=====Renal Signs=====
    
*Renal disease can both be caused by hypertension and cause hypertension.
 
*Renal disease can both be caused by hypertension and cause hypertension.
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'''Endocrine Signs:
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=====Endocrine Signs=====
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'''
      
-Hyperthyroidism (cats)
 
-Hyperthyroidism (cats)
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'''Physical Exam:'''
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=====Physical Exam=====
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'''Treatment:'''
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=====Treatment=====
    
'''Cats'''
 
'''Cats'''
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'''Prognosis:'''
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=====Prognosis=====
    
-Cats with hypertension are more successfully treated than dogs.
 
-Cats with hypertension are more successfully treated than dogs.
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====<big>Pulmonary Hypertension</big>====
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===Pulmonary Hypertension===
    
'''Description:'''
 
'''Description:'''
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'''Signalment:'''
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====Signalment====
    
*Some diseases predispose animals to secondary pulmonary hypertension.
 
*Some diseases predispose animals to secondary pulmonary hypertension.
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Genetics & Breed Predisposition: Brachycephalic Dogs (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); Small breeds (mitral endocardiosis); West Highland White Terriers (Pulmonary Fibrosis)
 
Genetics & Breed Predisposition: Brachycephalic Dogs (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); Small breeds (mitral endocardiosis); West Highland White Terriers (Pulmonary Fibrosis)
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====Diagnosis====
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'''Diagnosis'''
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=====History & Clinical Signs=====
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  −
'''History & Clinical Signs''':
      
*Signs of right sided heart failure:
 
*Signs of right sided heart failure:
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'''Physical Exam:'''
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=====Physical Exam=====
    
*Depends on underlying conditions
 
*Depends on underlying conditions
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'''Laboratory Findings:'''
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=====Laboratory Findings=====
    
-Arterial Blood Gases (Hypoxemia): If there are low oxygen conditions
 
-Arterial Blood Gases (Hypoxemia): If there are low oxygen conditions
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'''Radiography:''' DV view
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=====Radiography=====
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DV view
    
-Left atrial and ventricular enlargement
 
-Left atrial and ventricular enlargement
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'''Electrocardiography:
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=====Electrocardiography=====
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'''
      
-Right ventricular hypertrophy (Deep S-waves)
 
-Right ventricular hypertrophy (Deep S-waves)
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'''Echocardiography:'''
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=====Echocardiography=====
    
-Calculation of pulmonary arterial pressures
 
-Calculation of pulmonary arterial pressures
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'''Treatment:'''
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====Treatment====
    
'''Treat the underlying conditions:
 
'''Treat the underlying conditions:
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'''Prognosis:'''
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====Prognosis====
    
-Depends on the disease condition and ability to control it
 
-Depends on the disease condition and ability to control it
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[[Image:Pulmonary artery thrombus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Pulmonary artery thrombus'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
 
[[Image:Pulmonary artery thrombus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Pulmonary artery thrombus'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
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'''Description'''
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===Description===
    
Thrombosis is a localized or generalized intravascular clot formation.  Thrombi form as the result of trauma or pathological processes affecting the blood vessel endothelium or disturbances to blood flow and/or blood composition.  Some diseases such as infective endocarditis and heart worm increase the risk of thrombi formation.
 
Thrombosis is a localized or generalized intravascular clot formation.  Thrombi form as the result of trauma or pathological processes affecting the blood vessel endothelium or disturbances to blood flow and/or blood composition.  Some diseases such as infective endocarditis and heart worm increase the risk of thrombi formation.
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===Diagnosis===
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'''Diagnosis'''
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====History & Clinical Signs====
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  −
'''History & Clinical Signs:'''
      
*Signs depend on the area affected and the size of the blocked vessel.
 
*Signs depend on the area affected and the size of the blocked vessel.
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'''Laboratory Findings:
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====Laboratory Findings====
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'''
      
Abnormalities associated with lack of blood perfusion and/or pathological conditions.
 
Abnormalities associated with lack of blood perfusion and/or pathological conditions.
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'''Ultrasonography:
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====Ultrasonography====
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'''
      
*Blood stasis
 
*Blood stasis
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'''Angiography:'''
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====Angiography====
    
*May show lack of opacity in affected region  
 
*May show lack of opacity in affected region  
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'''Treatment:
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===Treatment===
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'''
      
-Treat underlying problem
 
-Treat underlying problem
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'''Prognosis:'''
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===Prognosis===
    
-Depends on underlying condition
 
-Depends on underlying condition
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[[Image:sarcoma embolus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Sarcoma embolus (dog)'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]]
 
[[Image:sarcoma embolus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Sarcoma embolus (dog)'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]]
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'''Description'''
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===Description===
    
*As the name implies, a thromboembolism is a clot (thrombus) or foreign body that blocks vessels a distance away from its original site of origin.   
 
*As the name implies, a thromboembolism is a clot (thrombus) or foreign body that blocks vessels a distance away from its original site of origin.   
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'''Diagnosis'''
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====Diagnosis===
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'''History & Clinical Signs:'''
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=====History & Clinical Signs====
    
'''5 P's:'''
 
'''5 P's:'''
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'''Laboratory Findings
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====Laboratory Findings====
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'''
      
*Heavily dependent on thromboembolic site
 
*Heavily dependent on thromboembolic site
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'''Radiography, Echocardiography, Angiography:'''
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====Radiography, Echocardiography, Angiography====
    
-Clots may be seen by the above methods
 
-Clots may be seen by the above methods
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'''Treatment:
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===Treatment===
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'''
      
-Treat underlying conditions
 
-Treat underlying conditions
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'''Prognosis:'''
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===Prognosis====
    
-Grave
 
-Grave
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==Arteriovenous Fistula==
 
==Arteriovenous Fistula==
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'''Description:'''
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===Description===
    
*As the name implies, an arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein.  This connection causes the capillary circulation to be completely ignored.  We will concentrate on peripheral fistulas here.   
 
*As the name implies, an arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein.  This connection causes the capillary circulation to be completely ignored.  We will concentrate on peripheral fistulas here.   
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'''Diagnosis'''
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===Diagnosis===
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'''History & Clinical Signs:'''
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====History & Clinical Signs====
    
*Signs depend on where the AV fistula has formed.
 
*Signs depend on where the AV fistula has formed.
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'''Angiography:'''
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====Angiography====
    
-Abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein
 
-Abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein
    
   
 
   
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'''Ultrasonography:'''
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====Ultrasonography====
    
-Abnormal flow visualized
 
-Abnormal flow visualized
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'''Treatment:'''
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===Treatment===
    
-Surgical ligation of abnormal vessels to and from the fistula area  
 
-Surgical ligation of abnormal vessels to and from the fistula area  
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'''Prognosis:
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===Prognosis===
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'''
      
-Good with complete ligation and cessation of blood flow through the fistula
 
-Good with complete ligation and cessation of blood flow through the fistula
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==Vasculitis==
 
==Vasculitis==
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Description:
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===Description===
    
*Vasculitis is an inflammatory disease of the vessels.   
 
*Vasculitis is an inflammatory disease of the vessels.   
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'''Diagnosis'''
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===Diagnosis===
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'''History & Clinical Signs:'''
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====History & Clinical Signs====
    
-Heat
 
-Heat
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