Difference between revisions of "Taylorella equigenitalis"
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(New page: <big><center>'''BACK TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES'''</center></big> <big><center>'''BACK TO BACTERIA'''</center></big>) |
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<big><center>[[Infectious agents and parasites|'''BACK TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES''']]</center></big> | <big><center>[[Infectious agents and parasites|'''BACK TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES''']]</center></big> | ||
<big><center>[[Bacteria|'''BACK TO BACTERIA''']]</center></big> | <big><center>[[Bacteria|'''BACK TO BACTERIA''']]</center></big> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Overview=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | *Causes contagious equine metritis | ||
| + | *Found in genital tracts of stallions, mares and foals | ||
| + | *Found in urethral fossa of stallions and clitoral fossa of mares | ||
| + | *Disrupts breeding programs on thouroughbred stud farms | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ===Characteristics=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | *Short, non-motile Gram-negative rod | ||
| + | *Catalase, oxidase and phosphatase postitive | ||
| + | *Microaerophilic | ||
| + | *Grows slowly | ||
| + | *Fastidious growth - requires chocolate agar and 5-10% carbon dioxide for growth | ||
| + | *No growth on MacConkey | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | *Transmission during coitus or via contaminated instruments | ||
| + | *Semenal fluid contaminated with ''T. equigenitalis'' from the urethral fossa | ||
| + | *Deposition in uterus required for infection to establish | ||
| + | *Bacteria replicate in uterus and cause acute endometritis | ||
| + | *Initial influx of mononuclear cells and plasma cells, followed by neutrophils, which cause a mucopurulent discharge | ||
| + | *Acute endometrial changes only last a few days | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ===Clinical infections=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | *Contagious equine metritis | ||
| + | *Highly contagious venereal disease of thorougbred horses | ||
| + | *Infected stallions and mares are a reservoir of infection | ||
| + | *Stallions and some mares asymptomatic | ||
| + | *Mucopurulent vulval discharge and temporary infertility in mares after service with a carrier stallion | ||
| + | *Discharge may continue for 2 weeks, and mares may remain infertile for several weeks | ||
| + | *Mares may recover without treatment; 25% become carriers | ||
| + | *Re-infection can occur | ||
| + | *Foals become infected ''in utero'' or during parturition | ||
| + | *Infected foals and mares that recover clinically may be a source of infection | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ===Diagnosis=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | *Specimens for bacteriology: | ||
| + | **Mares: swabs from clitoral fossa and sinuses and endometrium during oestrus | ||
| + | **Fillies: swabs from clitoral fossa | ||
| + | **Colts: penile sheath and tip of penis | ||
| + | **Stallions: swabs from urethra, urethral fossa, penile sheath and pre-ejaculatory fluid | ||
| + | *Place swabs in charcoal transport medium | ||
| + | *Isolation on chocolate agar with amphotericin B, crystal violet and streptomycin | ||
| + | *Small, smooth, yello-grey colonies | ||
| + | *Slide agglutination test | ||
| + | *Fluorescent antibody test | ||
| + | *Latex agglutination | ||
| + | *PCR | ||
| + | *Serology only detects active infection | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Treatment and control=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | *Wash external genitalia of mares and stallions with 2% chlorhexidine combined with antimicrobials | ||
| + | *Lavage uterus with a penicillin-containing solution daily for 5-7 days in mares | ||
| + | *Ablation of clitoral sinuses in persistently-infected mares | ||
| + | *Notifiable disease | ||
| + | *Laboratory detection of carrier animals and clinical infections | ||
| + | *Hygiene | ||
| + | *Stop breeding if CEM diagnosed on stud farm | ||
| + | *Sample recovered animals to ensure free from disease | ||
| + | *Test-mating of stallions to 2 maiden mares to detect infection | ||
Revision as of 08:25, 20 July 2008
Overview
- Causes contagious equine metritis
- Found in genital tracts of stallions, mares and foals
- Found in urethral fossa of stallions and clitoral fossa of mares
- Disrupts breeding programs on thouroughbred stud farms
Characteristics
- Short, non-motile Gram-negative rod
- Catalase, oxidase and phosphatase postitive
- Microaerophilic
- Grows slowly
- Fastidious growth - requires chocolate agar and 5-10% carbon dioxide for growth
- No growth on MacConkey
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
- Transmission during coitus or via contaminated instruments
- Semenal fluid contaminated with T. equigenitalis from the urethral fossa
- Deposition in uterus required for infection to establish
- Bacteria replicate in uterus and cause acute endometritis
- Initial influx of mononuclear cells and plasma cells, followed by neutrophils, which cause a mucopurulent discharge
- Acute endometrial changes only last a few days
Clinical infections
- Contagious equine metritis
- Highly contagious venereal disease of thorougbred horses
- Infected stallions and mares are a reservoir of infection
- Stallions and some mares asymptomatic
- Mucopurulent vulval discharge and temporary infertility in mares after service with a carrier stallion
- Discharge may continue for 2 weeks, and mares may remain infertile for several weeks
- Mares may recover without treatment; 25% become carriers
- Re-infection can occur
- Foals become infected in utero or during parturition
- Infected foals and mares that recover clinically may be a source of infection
Diagnosis
- Specimens for bacteriology:
- Mares: swabs from clitoral fossa and sinuses and endometrium during oestrus
- Fillies: swabs from clitoral fossa
- Colts: penile sheath and tip of penis
- Stallions: swabs from urethra, urethral fossa, penile sheath and pre-ejaculatory fluid
- Place swabs in charcoal transport medium
- Isolation on chocolate agar with amphotericin B, crystal violet and streptomycin
- Small, smooth, yello-grey colonies
- Slide agglutination test
- Fluorescent antibody test
- Latex agglutination
- PCR
- Serology only detects active infection
Treatment and control
- Wash external genitalia of mares and stallions with 2% chlorhexidine combined with antimicrobials
- Lavage uterus with a penicillin-containing solution daily for 5-7 days in mares
- Ablation of clitoral sinuses in persistently-infected mares
- Notifiable disease
- Laboratory detection of carrier animals and clinical infections
- Hygiene
- Stop breeding if CEM diagnosed on stud farm
- Sample recovered animals to ensure free from disease
- Test-mating of stallions to 2 maiden mares to detect infection