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| − | {{unfinished}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Paramyxoviridae]] |
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| − | {{toplink
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| − | |linkpage =Viruses
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| − | |linktext =VIRUSES
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| − | |pagetype=Bugs
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| − | =Morphology=
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| − | *Single-stranded negative-sense unsegmented RNA virus
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| − | *Reassortment and antigenic shift cannot occur
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| − | *Spike proteins include
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| − | **'''HN''' (Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase)
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| − | **'''F''' (Fusion glycoprotein), which allows the virus to fuse directly to the plasma membrane and release its RNA
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| − | ***F also causes syncitium to form, which aids diagnosis
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| − | ***Host antibody response to the F protein is the basis for vaccination
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| − | =Virulence=
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| − | *Paramyxoviruses replicate in the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract as well as occasionally in the gut
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| − | **Sites of spike protein cleavage
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| − | *Virulence varies by virus, see below
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| − | =Types and Subtypes=
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| − | Paramoyxoviridae was reclassified in 2000 to include 2 subfamilies and 5 genera, of interest including:
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| − | *Subfamily: ''Paramoyxovirinae'':
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| − | **[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)| Bovine Parainfluenza 3]]
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| − | **[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]
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| − | **[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Murine Parainfluenza 1 (Sendai virus)]]
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| − | **[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]] - avian paramyxovirus serotype 1
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| − | **Avian Paramyxoviruses serotypes 2-9
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| − | **[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]
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| − | **Mumps
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| − | **Genera: ''Morbilliviruses''
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| − | ***[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]
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| − | ***Rinderpest
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| − | ***Pest de petit ruminant (PPR)
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| − | ***Measels
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| − | ***Seal virus - phocine distemper
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| − | ***Dolphin Morbillivirus
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| − | ***[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra virus]]
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| − | ***[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah virus]]
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| − | *Subfamily: ''Pneumovirinae''
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| − | **[[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)|Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]
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| − | **Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus
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| − | =Antigenic Variation=
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| − | *Antigenic conservation allows some cross protection by vaccination:
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| − | **Conservation of major virus-specific F/HN antigens means vaccines protect against '''all isolates''' of the same virus
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| − | **Minor morbillivirus-specific epitopes on F allows some cross protection between '''canine distemper, measles, and rinderpest'''
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| − | *Antigenic "fingerprinting" is possible for some viruses based on minor variable epitopes of HN, F and NP on specific isolates as detected by monoclonal antibodies
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| − | **These are detected by immunostaining infected cells
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| − | =Paramyxoviridae by Species=
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| − | ==Avian==
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| − | ===[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]===
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| − | ==Canine==
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| − | ===[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]===
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| − | ===[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]===
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| − | ==Bovine==
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| − | ===[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]===
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| − | ===[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]===
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| − | ==Equine==
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| − | ===Hendra Virus===
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| − | *Equine Paramyxovirus
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| − | *Causes [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Hendra virus|respiratory infections]] with respiratory distress and paralysis
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| − | *Potentially zoonotic (beware palpating inside the throat for obstruction)
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| − | ==Porcine==
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| − | ===Nipah Virus===
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| − | *Infects pigs and humans
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| − | *Humans exposed to pig blood are at risk
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| − | *Causes porcine respiratory and neurologic syndrome in pigs
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| − | *Zoonosis transmitted by fruit bats
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| − | *Nipah virus is an emerging disease with the first outbreak in 1999 in Malaysia
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| − | ==Reptiles==
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| − | ===Reptilian Paramyxoviruses===
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| − | *Infect central nervous system and lungs
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| − | *Kill particularly '''snakes'''
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| − | *Healthy reptiles may be carriers
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| − | *Testing by serology - '''HI test'''
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| − | *Aim to keep virus free collection and prevent spread back into the wild
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| − | ==Rodentia==
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| − | ===Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)===
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| − | *Endemic in many '''mouse''' colonies
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| − | *Most mice show no symptoms due to maternal antibodies
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| − | *But minor respiratory lesions may invalidate carcinogenic or toxicological studies
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| − | *Immunological studies also confused due to virus activating [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#Natural Killer (NK) Cells|NK cells]] via high circulating [[Innate Immune System - WikiBlood#Interferons|IF]] 3-4 days post-infection
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| − | *Control achieved by:
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| − | **Purchasing '''specific pathogen free (SPF)''' mice
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| − | **Kill whole colony in an outbreak -> disinfection -> formalin fumigation
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| − | =Other resources=
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| − | *[http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec3401/index.htm On line Paramyxoviridae lecture by P. Russell]
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| − | <big><center>[[Viruses|'''BACK TO VIRUSES''']]</center></big>
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