Changes

==Description==

==Description==

'''Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis''' is characterised by acute [[Vomiting|vomiting]] and [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]].  Gastrointestinal integrity is lost, resulting in a rapid movement of blood, fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen.  The aetiology is unknown but it may relate to ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' enterotoxicosis or an immune-mediated reaction.  There is usually no history of garbage, chemical or foreign body ingestion.

'''Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis''' is characterised by acute [[Vomiting|vomiting]] and [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]].  Gastrointestinal integrity is lost, resulting in a rapid movement of blood, fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen.  The aetiology is unknown but it may relate to ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' enterotoxicosis or an immune-mediated reaction.  There is usually no history of rubbish, chemical or foreign body ingestion.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

===Laboratory Tests===

===Laboratory Tests===

====Haematology====

====Haematology and Biochemistry====

*Haemoconcentration with PCV > 60%

Reveals haemoconcentration with PCV > 60%. Normal or increased total protein concentrations will be present, but proportionately lower than would be expected from the corresponding increase in PCV due to loss of protein through the intestines.

*Normal or increased total protein concentrations, but proportionately lower than would be expected from the corresponding increase in PCV due to loss of protein through the intestines.

In severe cases a thrombocytopaenia and a Pre-renal or renal azotaemia may occur.

.*Thrombocytopaenia (severe cases)

*Pre-renal or renal azotaemia (severe cases)

====Other Tests====

====Other Tests====

*Faecal cytology may reveal red blood cells, occasional white blood cells, ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' spores or enterotoxin.  ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' spores or enterotoxin can be found in a normal dog, therefore care has to be taken not to over-interpret this.

Faecal cytology may reveal red blood cells, occasional white blood cells, ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' spores or enterotoxin.  ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' spores or enterotoxin can be found in a normal dog, therefore care has to be taken not to over-interpret this.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

*Start treatment prior to a full diagnostic investigations.

Start treatment prior to a full diagnostic investigations.

*Aggressive intravenous fluid therapy is important for the treatment and prevention of shock.

Aggressive intravenous fluid therapy is important for the treatment and prevention of shock.

**[[Colloids|Colloidal]] or plasma are recommended to replace the intravascular deficit due to loss of protein, followed by [[Crystalloids|crystalloids]] to complete rehydration.

[[Colloids|Colloidal]] or plasma are recommended to replace the intravascular deficit due to loss of protein, followed by [[Crystalloids|crystalloids]] to complete rehydration.

**Clinical improvements should be noted within a few hours but resolution of clinical signs may take a few days.

Clinical improvements should be noted within a few hours but resolution of clinical signs may take a few days.

*A broad spectrum antimicrobials such as [[Penicillins|ampicillin]] combined with [[Fluoroquinolones|fluoroquinolone]] are appropriate against ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]''.  This is recommended to be given empirically.

A broad spectrum antimicrobials such as [[Penicillins|ampicillin]] combined with [[Fluoroquinolones|fluoroquinolone]] are appropriate against ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]''.  This is recommended to be given empirically.

*Initially, Nil Per Os should be implemented.  Once vomiting has stopped a bland and highly digestible diet such as chicken and rice can be introduced.

Initially, food should be withheld.  Once vomiting has stopped a bland and highly digestible diet such as chicken and rice can be introduced.

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==

Good if presented in a timely fashion.  The duration of the disease is normally between 24 - 72 hours.  Complete recovery in most cases provided there is no complication such as hypoproteinaemia or sepsis.  However, recurrence is possible.

Complete recovery in most cases provided there is no complication such as hypoproteinaemia or sepsis.  However, recurrence is possible.

==References==

==References==

*Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.

Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.

*Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''.

Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''.

*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.

Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]][[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]][[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

[[

[[