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Also known as '''''FeLV
 
Also known as '''''FeLV
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====Antigenicity====
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==Introduction==
*Main envelope protein: gp70
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*3 antigenic subgroups:
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*Group A
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**is transmitted between cats
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**is monotypic: one vaccine covers all isolates
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**causes '''lymphosarcoma'''
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*Group B:
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**is recombinant with transmissible FeLV-A
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**increases the chance of '''thymic tumors'''
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*Group C:
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**is a mutant of A
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**isolates are rare, and occur as A+C mixtures
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**increases chances of '''anemia'''
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====Pathogenesis====
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==Pathogenesis==
 
*FeLV is the "disease of friends": transmission usually occurs through '''mutual grooming'''
 
*FeLV is the "disease of friends": transmission usually occurs through '''mutual grooming'''
 
*From the oropharynx, virus spreads to most tissues in the body to replicate, notably:
 
*From the oropharynx, virus spreads to most tissues in the body to replicate, notably:
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*40% of exposed adults remain healthy and develop Ab and CD8+ Tcells after clearing the virus, without becoming reinfected or silent carriers
 
*40% of exposed adults remain healthy and develop Ab and CD8+ Tcells after clearing the virus, without becoming reinfected or silent carriers
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Clinical Signs:
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==Clinical Signs==
 
*'''Leukemia'''
 
*'''Leukemia'''
 
*'''Multicentric lymphosarcoma''': B or T cell tumors, which may be palpable as enlarged lymph nodes (particularly mesenteric)
 
*'''Multicentric lymphosarcoma''': B or T cell tumors, which may be palpable as enlarged lymph nodes (particularly mesenteric)
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*'''Reproductive failure''': FeLV crosses the placenta, causing fetal resorption or viremic kittens with thymic aplasia
 
*'''Reproductive failure''': FeLV crosses the placenta, causing fetal resorption or viremic kittens with thymic aplasia
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====Epidemiology====
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==Epidemiology==
 
*Vertical transmission of FeLV-A from mother to kittens either via placenta, grooming, or milk
 
*Vertical transmission of FeLV-A from mother to kittens either via placenta, grooming, or milk
 
*Horizontal transmission occurs via saliva during mutual grooming
 
*Horizontal transmission occurs via saliva during mutual grooming
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*Particular concern for intensively bred cats because of crowding, etc.
 
*Particular concern for intensively bred cats because of crowding, etc.
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====Diagnosis====
+
==Antigenicity==
 +
*Main envelope protein: gp70
 +
*3 antigenic subgroups:
 +
*Group A
 +
**is transmitted between cats
 +
**is monotypic: one vaccine covers all isolates
 +
**causes '''lymphosarcoma'''
 +
*Group B:
 +
**is recombinant with transmissible FeLV-A
 +
**increases the chance of '''thymic tumors'''
 +
*Group C:
 +
**is a mutant of A
 +
**isolates are rare, and occur as A+C mixtures
 +
**increases chances of '''anemia'''
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Diagnosis==
 
*FeLV should be suspect in any cat with '''recurrent bacterial infections''', '''anemia''' or '''weight loss'''
 
*FeLV should be suspect in any cat with '''recurrent bacterial infections''', '''anemia''' or '''weight loss'''
 
*'''ELISA''' for '''Antigen''' (capsid protein p27 or envelope protein gp70)
 
*'''ELISA''' for '''Antigen''' (capsid protein p27 or envelope protein gp70)
 
*'''Immunochromatography''' is now trusted as ELISA testing can give false positives
 
*'''Immunochromatography''' is now trusted as ELISA testing can give false positives
 
*'''Virus isolation''' from heparinised blood can now be performed to confirm a positive diagnosis
 
*'''Virus isolation''' from heparinised blood can now be performed to confirm a positive diagnosis
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ELISA
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**Rapid-Immuno-Migration
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**Western Blot
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**Virus Isolation
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**Immunofluorescence
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**PCR
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====Control====
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==Infection Control==
 
*Antigen positive sick cats should be destroyed
 
*Antigen positive sick cats should be destroyed
 
*Healthy positive cats should have diagnosis confirmed  
 
*Healthy positive cats should have diagnosis confirmed  
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*Cats that are persistently viraemic will progress to develop FeLV-associated diseases
 
*Cats that are persistently viraemic will progress to develop FeLV-associated diseases
 
*Some cats will become viraemic again if treated with corticosteroids or stressed if the infection lies dormant in the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]]
 
*Some cats will become viraemic again if treated with corticosteroids or stressed if the infection lies dormant in the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]]
*Diagnosis:
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**ELISA
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==Treatment==
**Rapid-Immuno-Migration
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**Western Blot
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**Virus Isolation
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**Immunofluorescence
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**PCR
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*Treatment:
   
**Antibiotics for secondary infection
 
**Antibiotics for secondary infection
 
**Anti-retroviral therapy
 
**Anti-retroviral therapy
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