Changes

[[Image:Pug skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Brachycephalic skull (Pug) - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

[[Image:Pug skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Brachycephalic skull (Pug) - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

===Canine===

===Canine===

*Dogs have different skull lengths depending on breed

Dogs have different skull lengths depending on breed. '''mesocephalic''' dogs have average conformation whilst '''dolichocephalic''' dogs have longer skull lengths and '''brachycephalic''' dogs have shorter skull lengths. The two sides of the mandible do not fuse allowing some movement in the canine jaw. The '''external sagittal crest''' arises from '''nuchal crest'''. The wings of the basisphenoid bones form the '''oval foramen, spinous foramen''' and '''carotid canal'''. Dogs have no '''foramen lacernum''' and the styloid process absent. In canines the dorsal margin of orbit is formed by the orbital ligament, the orbit is incomplete.

**Mesocephalic dogs have average conformation

**Dolichocephalic dogs have longer skull lengths  

**Brachycephalic dogs have shorter skull lengths

 

*2 halves of the mandible do not fuse allowing some movement

 

*External sagittal crest arises from nuchal crest

 

*Wings of the basisphenoid bones form the oval foramen, spinous foramen and carotid canal

 

*No foramen lacernum

 

*Styloid process absent

 

*Dorsal margin of orbit formed by the orbital ligament

[[Image:Lion skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Feline skull (Lion) - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

[[Image:Lion skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Feline skull (Lion) - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

===Feline===

===Feline===

*The mandible appears globular in shape

The mandible appears globular in shape and the large orbits have complete bony margins. There are also large '''tympanic bulla''' which can be palpated. The two parts of the mandible do not fuse allowing some movement. Cats have a '''weak external sagittal crest''' arising from the '''nuchal crest'''. The wings of the basisphenoid bones form the '''oval foramen, spinous foramen''' and '''carotid canal'''. Cats have no '''foramen lacernum''' and the styloid process is absent. The dorsal margin of orbit is formed by the orbital ligament which is ossified. The '''interpareital bone''' does not fuse entirely in the adult.

 

*Large orbits with complete bony margins

 

*Large tympanic bulla which can be palpated

 

*2 halves of the mandible do not fuse allowing some movement

 

*Weak external sagittal crest arises from nuchal crest

 

*Wings of the basisphenoid bones form the oval foramen, spinous foramen and carotid canal

 

*No foramen lacernum

 

*Styloid process absent

 

*Dorsal margin of orbit formed by the orbital ligament which is ossified

 

*Interpareital bone does not fuse entirely in the adult

[[Image:Horse Skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Horse Skull - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

[[Image:Horse Skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Horse Skull - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

===Equine===

===Equine===

 

Horses have a '''weak external sagittal crest''' arising from the '''nuchal crest'''. They also have an '''internal sagittal crest''' on the '''internal surface of the pareital bone'''. The orbit is placed more laterally with a complete bony rim and a strong '''zygomatic arch''' continues on to form the '''facial crest'''. There is a '''deep nasoincisive notch''' and a prominent  '''hamular process'''. Horses have a very large mandible with a '''vascular notch''' and a high ramus. The wings of the basisphenoid bones form the '''oval foramen, spinous notch''' and '''carotid notch'''. Horses have a '''foramen lacernum'''. The zygomatic process articulate with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. Horses have '''three rows of ethmoturbinates present'''.

*Weak external sagittal crest arises from nuchal crest

 

*Internal sagittal crest on the internal surface of the pareital bone

 

 

*Orbit placed more laterally with a complete bony rim

 

*Strong zygomatic arch which continues on to form the facial crest

 

*Deep nasoincisive notch

 

*Prominent hamular process

 

*Large mandible

**Vascular notch on mandible

**High ramus

 

*Wings of the basisphenoid bones form the oval foramen, spinous notch and carotid notch

 

*Foramen lacernum present

 

*Zygomatic process articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

 

*Three rows of ethmoturbinates present

[[Image:Sheep skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sheep skull - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

[[Image:Sheep skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sheep skull - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

===Ruminant===

===Ruminant===