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|species = ''M.synoviae''
|species = ''M.synoviae''
}}
}}
''M.synoviae'' can be identified by isolation or serology. It can be treated by in-feed tetracycline and eradicated through specific-pathogen-free flocks.
Also Known As — '''''Infectious synovitis''''' — '''''Avian mycoplasmosis''''' — '''''Infectious sinusitis''''' — '''''Mycopasma arthritis'''''
Caused By — Mycoplasma synoviae
==Introduction==
''M. synoviae'' causes '''[[Bacteria | bacterial]]''' disease affecting the '''joints, bones''' and '''respiratory''' system of '''birds'''. It is one of the [[Mycoplasmas | mycoplasma]] genus’ of bacteria.
It is closely related to [[Mycoplasma gallisepticum | ''M. Gallisepticum'']] which causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry.
''M. synoviae'' is endemic in parts of Europe and causes significant production losses particularly in '''egg production'''.
==Distribution==
Thought to likely be worldwide but recording is unreliable.
Mycoplasma can be '''transmitted''' to progeny through '''eggs''' and through '''direct and indirect contact''' between birds.
==Signalment==
Affects mainly '''chickens''' and turkeys, with chickens the most susceptible.
It can also affect game and wild birds.
==Clinical Signs==
'''Lameness, abnormal curvature''' of the limbs, deviation of the limbs and feet, stiff gait.
'''Dehydration, decreased production''', reluctance to move
'''Tachypnoea, sneezing, purulent nasal discharge''', open mouth breathing
Torticollis and other neurological signs
==Diagnosis==
Clinical '''signs''' and '''necropsy''' findings are suggestive but not pathognomic so laboratory diagnosis is necessary.
On '''post-mortem, air sacculitis and arthritis''' with a '''caseous exudate''' are evident.
Bacteria can be '''isolated''' and '''cultured from wet swabs''' of the trachea, oropharynx, eye, nose or cloaca in live birds.
If sampling a dead bird, '''sterile''' samples of '''synovial fluid''' and air sac samples should be taken.
''M. synoviae'' can then be definitively identified by '''immunofluorescence''' and '''PCR'''.
[[ELISA testing | '''ELISA''']] can be used for serological diagnosis and are excellent for detecting antibodies in egg yolk which is valuable for flock status investigation.
==Treatment==
''M. synoviae'' is susceptible to '''tilmicosin, tylosin, enrofloxacin''' and '''oxytetacyclines''' in vitro but resistance is increasing in vivo.
Eggs can be '''dipped''' in cold '''chlortetracycline''' antibiotic solution for 15-20 minutes or '''heat treated''' to 46-47⁰ for 11-14 hours prior to incubation.
==Control==
Control is hampered by the increasing resistance of ''M. synoviae'' to antibiotics.
No vaccine is available and infection is difficult to control due its aerosolic, vertical and contact transmission.
==References==
<references/>
Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, '''Mycoplasma synoviae datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, '''Mycoplasma synoviae infections datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
==Literature Search==
==Literature Search==
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Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).