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| + | Also Known As – '''''VS''''' |
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| + | Caused By – ''Vesicular Stomatitis Virus – VSV – Alagoas Virus – Brazil Virus – Cocal Virus – Piry Virus – Chandipura Virus – Isfahan Virus'' |
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| + | ==Introduction== |
| + | [[File:VS Cow.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vesicular Stomatitis oral lesion in a cow. Copyright CFSPH Iowa State.]] |
| + | [[File:VS Horse.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vesicular Stomatitis oral lesion in a horse]] |
| + | [[File:VS Foot.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vesicular Stomatitis coronary band lesion]] |
| + | Vesicular Stomatitis is an '''oral disease''' of '''cattle, horses, pigs and people''', caused by a [[Rhabdoviridae | rhabdovirus]], of which there are two distinct serotypes: VSV-New Jersey (VS-NJ) and VSV-Indiana (VS-IN). Although antibodies have been found in many species of mammal and bird, no clinical signs appear to develop. |
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| + | The main importance of VS is its '''identical presentation to [[Foot and Mouth Disease]]''', in fact they cannot be clinically differentiated. |
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| + | VS is '''zoonotic''' and can cause acute flu-like disease in humans. |
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| + | This disease is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)] |
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| + | ==Distribution== |
| + | VS is present exclusively in the Western hemisphere, mainly in the '''Americas''', including parts of the Caribbean and South America. |
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| + | VS is transmitted by a range of insect vectors including the [[Musca spp. | house fly]] and [[Ceratopogonidae | Culicoides midge]]. |
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| + | The virus can also be transmitted via '''direct contact''' with lesions, saliva and fomites. |
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| + | ==Signalment== |
| + | Young animals <1 year old are less likely to exhibit clinical signs although seroconversion occurs. |
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| + | Disease occurs seasonally in the '''late Summer and Autumn''' in endemic countries. |
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| + | ==Clinical Signs== |
| + | VS is characterised by its appearance – beginning as '''blanched macules''' and developing into '''vesicular lesions''' on the '''tongue, oral and nasal mucosa, mammary glands, external genitalia and coronary band'''. When the vesicles rupture after 24-48h, '''erosions and excoriations''' remain in the affected mucosa. |
| + | '''Hypersalivation''' often also occurs. |
| + | Coronary band lesions cause '''lameness and defective horn growth'''. |
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| + | Other clinical manifestations include '''depression, weight loss, low productivity, agalactia and mastitis.''' Animals with genital lesions may be reluctant to breed. |
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| + | Affected animals are often '''pyrexic, anorexic and dysphagic''' due to reduced food intake and interference of lesions with prehension/pain when eating. |
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| + | Shedding ceases 6-7 days post-infection <ref> Katz, J. B., Eernisse, K. A., Landgraf, J. G., Schmitt, B. J. (1997) '''Comparative performance of four serodiagnostic procedures for detecting bovine and equine vesicular stomatitis virus antibodies.''' J Vet Diagnostic Investigation, 9(3):329-331; 5</ref> and '''lesions resolve within 14 days.''' |
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| + | Once '''recovered''', animals do not maintain infection or shed the virus. |
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| + | Deaths from VS are rare and usually due to secondary complications. |
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| + | ==Diagnosis== |
| + | Definitive diagnosis requires laboratory testing. |
| + | '''Virus isolation''' can be attempted from nasal/oral swabs, epithelial tags, skin scrapings or biopsies. Only active lesions will contain infective virus particles. |
| + | PCR is potentially more sensitive but not widely used. |
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| + | Serlogical tests are routinely used and will also differentiate serotype. |
| + | '''Competitive [[ELISA testing | ELISA (cELISA)]]''' is used as a screening test and '''Serum Neutralisation (SN) and Complement Fixation (CF)''' are also commonly used to diagnose VS. |
| + | Tests that detect IgG such as the cELISA and SN may remain positive for up to 3 years after infection. |
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| + | CF is more indicative of '''recent infection''', especially when rising titres are present. |
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| + | On '''histopathology''', intercellular oedema is present in the Malphigian cell layer and epithelial cell necrosis is evident. The necrotic cells are strongly eosinophilic and nuclei are pyknotic. |
| + | Basal cells are separated by vesicular fluid. |
| + | Other non-specific inflammatory changes are usually also present. |
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| + | ==Treatment== |
| + | Disease is '''self-limiting''' and usually requires no treatment. |
| + | Secondary bacterial infection can delay healing of lesions and usually respond to antibiotics. |
| + | Symptomatic care may be indicated in severe cases. |
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| + | ==Control== |
| + | Several vaccines are being developed or used experimentally but none are commercially available in the USA. |
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| + | Appropriate biosecurity, disinfection protocols, temporary isolation of infected animals/groups and limiting exposure to insect vectors may help to reduce the scale of outbreaks. |
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| + | '''Quarantine''' procedures are in place in many countries when VS is confirmed and these should be adhered to and relevant bodies informed. |
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| + | ==References== |
| + | <references/> |
| + | Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Vesicular Stomatitis datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/ |
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| + | Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Vesicular Stomatitis virus datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/ |
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| + | [[Category:To Do - CABI review]] |
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| [[Category:To Do - Steph]] | | [[Category:To Do - Steph]] |