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Also known as: ''''' Torovirus ''''''''''Torovirus infections '''''— ''''' Berne virus'''''''''' BEV '''''— '''''Breda virus'''''''''' BRV'''''''''' Bovine torovirus'''''''''' BoTV'''''—''''' diarrhea in calves'''''''''' Equine torovirus''''''''''ETV''''''''''Prototype Berne virus'''''''''' Porcine torovirus'''''.
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Also known as: '''''Torovirus Infections — Berne Virus BEV — Breda virus — BRV — Bovine Torovirus — BoTV — Equine Torovirus — ETV — Prototype Berne Virus — Porcine Torovirus'''''.
 
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{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
|name              =''Scientific Classification''
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|name              = Toroviruses
    
|kingdom            = Virus
 
|kingdom            = Virus
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|sub-order          =
 
|sub-order          =
 
|super-family      =
 
|super-family      =
|family            = Coronaviridae
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|family            = [[:Category:Coronaviridae|Coronaviridae]]
 
|sub-family        =
 
|sub-family        =
 
|genus              = Torovirus
 
|genus              = Torovirus
 
|species            = Toroviruses
 
|species            = Toroviruses
 
}}
 
}}
   
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
Toroviruses are relatively new viruses belonging to the family Coronaviridae.  The viruses are enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses that are pleomorphic, 120-140 nm in diameter and are relatively stable in acid or alkaline environment between pH 2.5-10. Toroviruses have been isolated from horses (Equine torovirus, ETV, prototype Berne virus) and calves with diarrhoea (bovine torovirus, BoTV, prototype Breda virus).
   
[[File:Torovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Electron Micrograph of Torovirus particles]]
 
[[File:Torovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Electron Micrograph of Torovirus particles]]
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Toroviruses are relatively new viruses belonging to the family [[:Category:Coronaviridae|Coronaviridae]].  They are enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses that are pleomorphic, 120-140 nm in diameter and are relatively stable in acid or alkaline environment between pH 2.5-10. Toroviruses have been isolated from horses (Equine torovirus, ETV, prototype Berne virus) and calves with diarrhoea (bovine torovirus, BoTV, prototype Breda virus).
    
==Signalment==
 
==Signalment==
Host include cattle, zebu, goats, horses, sheep, pigs, lagomorphs, rodents, domestic cats and humans.  
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Hosts include cattle, zebu, goats, horses, sheep, pigs, lagomorphs, rodents, domestic cats and humans.  
    
==Clinical Signs==
 
==Clinical Signs==
The disease causes diarrhoea, pyrexia, dehydration, lethargy and depression in all ages of cattle.  In calves it causes anorexia, mucoid faeces and the following neurological signs; generalised weakness, paralysis, inability to stand, trembling and sudden death. It can also cause respiratory problems such as laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia. Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk.
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The disease causes diarrhoea, pyrexia, dehydration, lethargy and depression in all ages of cattle.  In calves it causes anorexia, mucoid faeces and the following neurological signs; generalised weakness, paralysis, inability to stand, trembling and sudden death. It can also cause respiratory problems such as laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia. Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk.
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In cats, diarrhoea and protruding nictating membranes have been associated with feline torovirus infections.
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In cats, diarrhoea and protruding nictitating membranes have been associated with feline torovirus infections.
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Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease <ref name=" Kroneman et al., 1998">Kroneman, A., Cornelissen, L.A.H.M., Horzinek, M.C., Groot, R.J.de., Egberink, H.F., (1998). '''Identification and characterization of a porcine torovirus'''. ''Journal of Virology'', 72(5):3507-3511; 35 ref.</ref>.
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Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease <ref name=" Kroneman et al., 1998">Kroneman, A., Cornelissen, L.A.H.M., Horzinek, M.C., Groot, R.J.de., Egberink, H.F., (1998) '''Identification and characterization of a porcine torovirus'''. ''Journal of Virology'', 72(5):3507-3511; 35 ref.</ref>.
    
==Epidemiology==
 
==Epidemiology==
Toroviruses are found in many species but little is known about the transmission or  interspecies transmission of the virus. It is presumed that it is spread via the faecal-oral route and spread through subclinical or chronically infected cattle <ref name=" Koopmans and Horzinek, 1994"> Koopmans, M., Horzinek, M.C., (1994). '''Toroviruses of animals and humans: a review'''. ''Advances in Virus Research'', 43:233-273; many ref. </ref>.
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Toroviruses are found in many species but little is known about the transmission or  interspecies transmission of the virus. It is presumed that they are spread via the faecal-oral route and through subclinical or chronically infected cattle <ref name=" Koopmans and Horzinek, 1994"> Koopmans, M., Horzinek, M.C., (1994) '''Toroviruses of animals and humans: a review'''. ''Advances in Virus Research'', 43:233-273; many ref. </ref>.
The Berne virus (BEV) has been found in horses; whereas the Breda virus (BRV) is found in cattle of which there are two serotypes; BRV 1 and 2. Breda virus in cattle can be detected in the dome epithelium and enterocytes of the intestines and differentiate within the epithelial cells of the villi; interrupting the cattles absorptive capacity, although not as dramatically as the rotavirus.
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The Berne virus (BEV) has been found in horses; whereas the Breda virus (BRV) is found in cattle of which there are two serotypes; BRV 1 and 2. Breda virus in cattle can be detected in the dome epithelium and enterocytes of the intestines and differentiate within the epithelial cells of the villi; interrupting the animal's absorptive capacity, although not as dramatically as the [[Rotaviruses|rotavirus]].
    
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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==Diagnosis==
 
==Diagnosis==
Diagnostic methods include a combination of electron microscopy, immuno-electron microscopy (IEM), haemagglutination inhibition or ELISA. Toroviruses can be differentiated from coronaviruses by using IEM <ref name="Woode, 1987">Woode, G.N., (1987). '''Breda and Breda-like viruses: diagnosis, pathology and epidemiology. Novel diarrhoea viruses'''., 175-191; ''[Ciba Foundation Symposium 128]''; 23 ref.</ref>.
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Diagnostic methods include a combination of electron microscopy, immuno-electron microscopy (IEM), [[Agglutination|haemagglutination]] inhibition or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]. Toroviruses can be differentiated from coronaviruses by using IEM <ref name="Woode, 1987">Woode, G.N., (1987). '''Breda and Breda-like viruses: diagnosis, pathology and epidemiology. Novel diarrhoea viruses'''., 175-191; ''Ciba Foundation Symposium 128''; 23 ref.</ref>.
    
Villus fusion and atrophy and thinning of intestinal wall can be seen on post-mortem.
 
Villus fusion and atrophy and thinning of intestinal wall can be seen on post-mortem.
    
==Treatment==
 
==Treatment==
There is no specific treatment. Animals can be supported with fluids to prevent dehydration as a result of the episodes of diarrhoea.  Secondary bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. Culture and sensitivity recommended.
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There is no specific treatment. Animals can be supported with fluids to prevent dehydration as a result of the episodes of diarrhoea.  Secondary bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. Culture and sensitivity is recommended.
    
==Control==
 
==Control==
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[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]
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{{review}}
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[[Category:Coronaviridae]]
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[[Category:Horse Viruses]]
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[[Category:Cattle Viruses]]
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[[Category:Pig Virses]]
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[[Category:Cat Viruses]]
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[[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Cattle]]
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[[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Horse]]
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[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle]]
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[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]]
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[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
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