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*'''Virulence'''
*'''Virulence'''
**Disease ranges from subclinical [[Viral infections|respiratory tract infections]] -> torticollis -> haemorrhages and death
**Disease ranges from subclinical [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology|respiratory tract infections]] -> torticollis -> haemorrhages and death
*'''Epidemiology'''
*'''Epidemiology'''
*May cause mild upper respiratory infection, [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
*May cause mild upper respiratory infection, [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
**Virus shed for a short time only
**Virus shed for a short time only
*Also part of kennel cough ([[Viral infections#Infectious canine tracheitis|Infectious canine tracheitis]]), together with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
*Also part of kennel cough ([[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious canine tracheitis|Infectious canine tracheitis]]), together with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
*Control:
*Control:
**'''Live attenuated vaccine''' may be incorporated in multivalent vaccines
**'''Live attenuated vaccine''' may be incorporated in multivalent vaccines
*Virulence varies with isolates
*Virulence varies with isolates
*Cessation of [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|ciliary clearance]] and epithelial necrosis predisposes to secondary bacterial infections -> cough
*Cessation of [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|ciliary clearance]] and epithelial necrosis predisposes to secondary bacterial infections -> cough
*May cause [[Viral infections#Parainfluenza- 3|rhinitis]] of cattle
*May cause [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|rhinitis]] of cattle
*With other agents causes [[Bacterial infections#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|calf pneumonia ]]
*With other agents causes [[Bacterial infections#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|calf pneumonia ]]
**Together with managemental factors (overcrowding, poor ventilation, high humidity, deprivation of colostrum and stress caused by transport or mixing of stock)
**Together with managemental factors (overcrowding, poor ventilation, high humidity, deprivation of colostrum and stress caused by transport or mixing of stock)
*'''Pathogenesis''':
*'''Pathogenesis''':
**More serious than [[Paramyxoviridae#Parainfluenza -3 (PI-3)|PI-3]]
**More serious than [[Paramyxoviridae#Parainfluenza -3 (PI-3)|PI-3]]
**Causes [Viral infections#Respiratory syncytial virus|respiratory infection]]
**Causes [Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Respiratory syncytial virus|respiratory infection]]
**Replicates in nasal epithelium -> throughout upper respiratory tract -> bronchial tree
**Replicates in nasal epithelium -> throughout upper respiratory tract -> bronchial tree
**Syncytia form -> shed into bronchioles
**Syncytia form -> shed into bronchioles
**Viraemia
**Viraemia
**Spreads via monocytes to a variety of epithelium depending upon the strain of virus
**Spreads via monocytes to a variety of epithelium depending upon the strain of virus
**[[Viral infections#Canine distemper|Respiratory]] and alimentary tracts, skin and later (1-5 wk. post infection) to the brain
**[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Canine distemper|Respiratory]] and alimentary tracts, skin and later (1-5 wk. post infection) to the brain
*'''Clinical signs''':
*'''Clinical signs''':
**Mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
**Mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
**Live attenuated vaccines may kill some wildlife therefore '''Iscom vaccine''' is used in seal sanctuaries
**Live attenuated vaccines may kill some wildlife therefore '''Iscom vaccine''' is used in seal sanctuaries
*Can contribute to [[Viral infections#In Dogs|Infectious canine tracheitis]]
*Can contribute to [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|Infectious canine tracheitis]]
*May be involved in [[Pancreas - inflammatory#Chronic interstitial pancreatitis|chronic interstitial pancreatitis]]
*May be involved in [[Pancreas - inflammatory#Chronic interstitial pancreatitis|chronic interstitial pancreatitis]]
*May cause [[Bones - developmental#Retention of elongated primary trabeculae|growth retardation lattice]]
*May cause [[Bones - developmental#Retention of elongated primary trabeculae|growth retardation lattice]]
*Equine Paramyxovirus
*Equine Paramyxovirus
*Causes [[Viral infections#Hendra virus|respiratory infections]] with respiratory distress and paralysis
*Causes [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Hendra virus|respiratory infections]] with respiratory distress and paralysis
*Potentially zoonotic (beware palpating inside the throat for obstruction)
*Potentially zoonotic (beware palpating inside the throat for obstruction)