Changes

==Types of hernia==

==Types of hernia==

[[Image:volvulus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Volvulus (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]][[Category:Intestine_-_Physical_Disturbances]]

[[Image:volvulus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Volvulus (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]][[Category:Intestine_-_Physical_Disturbances]]

*'''Umbilical hernias''' are usually congenital and occur in all of the major domestic species.

*'''Umbilical hernias''' are congenital and result from a failure of closure of the foetal umbilical canal.  They occur in all of the major domestic species.

*'''Diaphragmatic hernias''' may be congenital or, much more commonly, [[Diaphragmatic Rupture|diaphragmatic ruptures]] may occur following blunt abdominal trauma in small animals.  Congenital diaphragmaic hernias are an unusual cause of small intestinal incarceration and strangulation in horses, manifesting as severe colic.  If the septum transversum (the embryonic structure that forms the diaphragm) fails to develop fully, [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic|Peritoneal-Pericardial-Diaphragmatic hernias]] (PPDH) or [[Hernia, Pleuroperitoneal Diaphragmatic|Pleuroperitoneal hernias]] may occur.

*'''Diaphragmatic hernias''' may be congenital or, much more commonly, [[Diaphragmatic Rupture|diaphragmatic ruptures]] may occur following blunt abdominal trauma in small animals.  Congenital diaphragmaic hernias are an unusual cause of small intestinal incarceration and strangulation in horses, manifesting as severe colic.  If the septum transversum (the embryonic structure that forms the diaphragm) fails to develop fully, [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic|Peritoneal-Pericardial-Diaphragmatic hernias]] (PPDH) or [[Hernia, Pleuroperitoneal Diaphragmatic|Pleuroperitoneal hernias]] may occur.

*'''Inguinal/scrotal hernias''' may be congenital or acquired.  Congenital hernias are rare and usually occur in young male dogs with late testicular descent.  It is suggested that this process holds the inguinal canal open for longer than normal, allowing abdominal organs to displace into them.  Acquired hernias occur in obese animals (in which the canal is held open by the local accumulation of fat) and in older entire bitches (in which the gravid uterus may be herniated).  Inguinal hernias also occur in stallions after castration and may cause severe colic.

*'''Inguinal/scrotal hernias''' may be congenital or acquired.  Congenital hernias are rare and usually occur in young male dogs with late testicular descent.  It is suggested that this process holds the inguinal canal open for longer than normal, allowing abdominal organs to displace into them.  Acquired hernias occur in obese animals (in which the canal is held open by the local accumulation of fat) and in older entire bitches (in which the gravid uterus may be herniated).  Inguinal hernias also occur in stallions after castration and may cause severe colic.

*'''Epiploic foramen entrapment''' is a form of internal hernia affecting horses.  Loops of small intestine may become trapped within the epiploic foramen and omental bursa causing complete intestinal obstruction and severe colic.  Anecdotally, horses which 'windsuck' are at particular risk of this form of colic and it requires urgent surgical correction.

*'''Epiploic foramen entrapment''' is a form of internal hernia affecting horses.  Loops of small intestine may become trapped within the epiploic foramen and omental bursa causing complete intestinal obstruction and severe colic.  Anecdotally, horses which 'windsuck' are at particular risk of this form of colic and it requires urgent surgical correction.

 

[[Category:To_Do_-_James]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_James]]