Changes

===Other ailments===

===Other ailments===

Considering the intestinal lesions, gastric ulceration was found in 42% of horses with large bowel lesions and in 31% with small bowel lesions. The association between intestinal lesions and ulcers within the stomach might suggest that gastric ulcers are often part of a larger gastrointestinal disease complex. In man, it is usual to find that disturbed activity in the autonomic nervous system affects both intestine and stomach (Fielding 1977). Murray (1989) reported an association between glandular ulcers and clinical disorders in foals and a similar relationship could also be true for mature horses. It has also been established that colic is associated with gastric ulcers in horses (Murray 1989, 1992; Furr and Murray 1989). In our study, colic disturbances were significantly (P<0.001) associated with gastric ulcers in bivariate analysis. This finding further suggests a relationship between gastric ulcers and clinical signs of colic.  Whether gastric ulceration was the cause or the consequence of colic in our study has not been established. A variety of conditions involving abdominal pain (Murray

The association between intestinal lesions and ulcers within the stomach might suggest that gastric ulcers are often part of a larger gastrointestinal disease complex. Murray (1989) reported an association between glandular ulcers and clinical disorders in foals and a similar relationship could also be true for mature horses. It has also been established that colic is associated with gastric ulcers in horses (Murray 1989, 1992; Furr and Murray 1989). A variety of conditions involving abdominal pain (Murray

1992) have also been associated with gastric ulceration in horses. Abdominal pain or inappetance for any reason probably reduces appetite and, consequently, diminishes feed intake. Feed deprivation generally results in increased stomach acidity (Murray and Schusser 1993), since the absence of protein reduces buffering capacity. Moreover, gastric juice is more readily transported in an empty stomach and, as a consequence, flushed over the vulnerable squamous mucosa resulting in gastric ulceration. Therefore, any condition that considerably influences food intake might, hypothetically, contribute to the development of gastric ulcers in horses.(Sandin 2000)

1992) have also been associated with gastric ulceration in horses. Abdominal pain or inappetance for any reason probably reduces appetite and, consequently, diminishes feed intake. Therefore, any condition that considerably influences food intake might, hypothetically, contribute to the development of gastric ulcers in horses.(Sandin 2000)

Stress, due to concurrent disease, has been documented to increase the prevalence of peptic ulcer disease in neonatal foals (Furr et al. 1992).(Vatistas 2 1999)

Stress, due to concurrent disease, has been documented to increase the prevalence of peptic ulcer disease in neonatal foals (Furr et al. 1992).(Vatistas 2 1999)