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==Secondary Immunodeficiency==
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==[[Secondary Immunodeficiency]]==
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*There are many causes of secondary immunodeficiency
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**Most deficiencies are not genetic
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**Most are agent-induced, such as from X-ray radiation and immunosuppressive drugs
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===Viral Causes===
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====Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV)====
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[[Image:FeLV Electron Micrograph.jpg|thumb|right|150px|FeLV Electron Micrograph [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Public Health Image Library] Image #5610]]
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[[Image:Kinetics of FeLV 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Kinetics of FeLV - Copyright Dr Brian Catchpole BVetMed PhD MRCVS]]
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*Oncogenic retrovirus
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*Causes neoplasia (lymphoma), myelosuppression (anaemia) and immunosuppression (of [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]])
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*2 strains:
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**FeLV-A
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***Natural strain
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**FeLV-B
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***Formed through FeLV-A recombining with endogenous retroviral sequences in the feline genome
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***Increases the risks of lymphoma
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**FeLV-C
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***Formed from the spontaneous mutation of FeLV-A
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***Is more myelosuppressive
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*Virus replicates in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue causing a viraemia (virus circulating in the bloodstream) which then spreads to the systemic lymphoid tissue
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*Shed in saliva
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*Passed by oronasal route, e.g. mutual grooming
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*Kittens between 6 weeks and 6 months are most susceptible
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*60% of cats will become immune to the disease and recover
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*Cats that are persistently viraemic will progress to develop FeLV-associated diseases
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*Some cats will become viraemic again if treated with corticosteroids or stressed if the infection lies dormant in the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]]
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*Diagnosis:
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**ELISA
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**Rapid-Immuno-Migration
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**Western Blot
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**Virus Isolation
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**Immunofluorescence
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**PCR
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*Treatment:
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**Antibiotics for secondary infection
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**Anti-retroviral therapy
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*For vaccinations see [[Vaccines - WikiBlood#Cat Vaccinations|here]]
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====Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)====
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*Lentivirus
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*Subtypes A, B and D
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*Causes increased susceptibility to infections and neoplasia
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*Specifically destroys [[Lymphocytes#Helper CD4+|CD4+ T cells]]
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*Virus is present in saliva, blood and other bodily fluids
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*Feral and outdoor cats (mostly tom cats) are most at risk
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*Virus replicates in lymphoid tissue
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*Can remain asymptomatic
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*Causes pyrexia and lymphadenopathy
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*Transmitted by biting
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*Diagnosis:
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**ELISA
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**Rapid-Immuno-Migration
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**Western Blot
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**Virus Isolation
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**Immunofluorescence
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**PCR
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*Treatment:
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**Antibiotics for secondary infection
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**Anti-retroviral therapy
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*For vaccinations see [[Vaccines - WikiBlood#Cat Vaccinations|here]]
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====Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV)====
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*Lentivirus (non-oncogenic)
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*Causes a persistent viral infection and lymphocytosis
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*Immunocompromised cattle may develop secondary infections
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*The transmission is not well known, but the following possibilities are being researched:
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**Through milk
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**Through infected semen (e.g.artificial insemination)
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**Placental transfer
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*Diagnosis:
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**Western Blot
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**PCR
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===Toxic Causes===
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*Poisons
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===Iatrogenic Causes===
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*Drugs
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**Corticosteroids
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**Cyclosporin
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**Cytotoxic cancer therapy
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===Other Causes===
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*Malnutrition
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*Chronic disease
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*Stress
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*Senescence
      
==Links==
 
==Links==
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