Progressive Ethmoidal Haematoma

Introduction

This condition is a slowly expanding non-neoplastic mass of horses, that occurs in the submucosa of the ethmoid labryrinth. The cause of the condition is unknown and there are no known risk factors. It can occur in either the nasal or sinusal portion of ethmoid labyrinth and may rarely occur elsewhere in the sinuses. The mass is usually unilateral and can extend to the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx causing destruction of tissue.

Signalment

It can occur in horses of any age, but any horse younger than three years old rarely contracts the disease. There is a breed predilection for Arabian and Thoroughbred horses. There isno sex predilection.

Clinical Signs

Signs include epistaxis or a serosanguinous nasal discharge, abnormal respiratory noise, halitosis, dyspnoea and coughing. The animal may also shake its head frequently. Some cases will have a facial deformity and there may be presence of a mass at the nares. Other horses may exibit no clinical signs.

Diagnosis

History, signalment and clinical signs can be characteristic of the disease, but differentials such as gutteral pouch mycosis, neoplasia, nasal trauma and exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage need to be excluded by endoscopic evalution.
Endoscopy
Upon endoscopy, a yellow- green mass is present and may be covered in Aspergillus spp.. The location of the mass is usually diagnostic but a grab biopsy by endoscopy will provide a definative diagnosis.

Other imaging such as radiographs can be undertaken and will show an abnormal opacity with smooth margins. There may also be the presence of fluid lines on radiographs. At CT scan will reveal a more detailed evaluation of the lesion.

Treatment and Control

Treatment options include surgical removal via a frontal sinus flap with the horse standing. Cryotherapy can also be performed, which can also be peformed in the standing horse and causes minimal haemorrhage,however it can only be used on smaller lesions. Laser removal is less effective as it requires multiple treatments, it can however be performed in the standing horse. Chemical ablation is the final treatment option and involves the use of 4% formaldehyde solution. This can also be performed with the horse standing, but requires multiple treatments. The lesion is injected with the solution endoscopically or through a hole in the sinus. This treatment is relatively cheap but complications can include blindness and death if it penetrates the brain.

Prognosis

Prognosis is guarded to poor, regardless of treatment and recurrence is common (15- 45%) regardless of which treatment is undertaken.

Can recur after surgical excision May arise subsequently to chronic inflammation