Difference between revisions of "Hyperoestrogenism - Ferret"
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
| − | Female ferrets (jills) are '''induced ovulators'''. Ovulation occurs 30-40 hours after copulation. Failure to mate can result in a prolonged oestrus for the duration of the breeding season. The '''high levels of oestrogens''' produced may cause bone marrow suppression with leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and aplastic anaemia. | + | Female ferrets (jills) are '''induced ovulators'''. Ovulation occurs 30-40 hours after copulation. Failure to mate can result in a prolonged oestrus for the duration of the breeding season. The '''high levels of oestrogens''' produced may cause bone marrow suppression with leucopenia, [[thrombocytopenia]] and aplastic anaemia. |
All jills develop a mild anaemia at some point during oestrus and up to 50% of jills with prolonged oestrus will develop '''aplastic anaemia'''. If animals remain in oestrus for more than 1 month they are at risk of developing hyperoestrogenism and the reduction in platelet count can lead to '''haemorrhage and death'''. | All jills develop a mild anaemia at some point during oestrus and up to 50% of jills with prolonged oestrus will develop '''aplastic anaemia'''. If animals remain in oestrus for more than 1 month they are at risk of developing hyperoestrogenism and the reduction in platelet count can lead to '''haemorrhage and death'''. | ||
| − | ==Clinical | + | ==Clinical Signs== |
'''Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia''' around the ventrum and tail, weight loss, '''pale mucous membranes''', tachypnoea, ecchymotic and '''petechial haemorrhages''' enlarged vulva and a serous or mucopurulent vaginal discharge. | '''Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia''' around the ventrum and tail, weight loss, '''pale mucous membranes''', tachypnoea, ecchymotic and '''petechial haemorrhages''' enlarged vulva and a serous or mucopurulent vaginal discharge. | ||
| Line 11: | Line 11: | ||
Haematology: | Haematology: | ||
| − | + | :'''Low PCV''' (normal 46-61%) | |
| − | '''Low PCV''' (normal 46-61%) | + | :'''Pancytopenia''': [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemia|non-regenerative anaemia]], thrombocytopenia, leucopenia |
| − | |||
| − | '''Pancytopenia''': non-regenerative anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia | ||
==Treatment/Prevention== | ==Treatment/Prevention== | ||
| Line 21: | Line 19: | ||
Jills with PCV values '''above 25%''' have a good prognosis and '''ovariohysterectomy''' is the fastest way to remove the source of oestrogens. '''Hormone treatments''' such as proligestone, HCG or GnRH injections can be used to induce ovulation. Signs of oestrus will abate within 10-11 days but it might take up to 4 months for the anaemia to resolve. | Jills with PCV values '''above 25%''' have a good prognosis and '''ovariohysterectomy''' is the fastest way to remove the source of oestrogens. '''Hormone treatments''' such as proligestone, HCG or GnRH injections can be used to induce ovulation. Signs of oestrus will abate within 10-11 days but it might take up to 4 months for the anaemia to resolve. | ||
| − | PCV values '''between 15 and 25%''' hold a guarded prognosis, and supportive care such as fluids and blood products need to be put in place before any surgery is attempted. Hormone injections can also be considered. | + | PCV values '''between 15 and 25%''' hold a guarded prognosis, and supportive care such as [[:Categiry:Fluid Therapy|fluids and blood products]] need to be put in place before any surgery is attempted. Hormone injections can also be considered. |
| − | The outlook for jills with a PCV '''below 15%''' is poor and intensive treatment including prophylactic antibiotics and '''multiple blood transfusions''' will be necessary for several months. | + | The outlook for jills with a PCV '''below 15%''' is poor and intensive treatment including prophylactic antibiotics and :Category:Transfusion Medicine|'''multiple blood transfusions''']] will be necessary for several months. |
'''Prevention:''' Ovariohysterectomy at 6-8 months of age is recommended for jills that are not to be bred. Entire female ferrets should not remain in heat longer than a month and ovulation should be induced by mating with a vasectomised male or by the use of hormones such as a proligestone injection before the start of the breeding season. | '''Prevention:''' Ovariohysterectomy at 6-8 months of age is recommended for jills that are not to be bred. Entire female ferrets should not remain in heat longer than a month and ovulation should be induced by mating with a vasectomised male or by the use of hormones such as a proligestone injection before the start of the breeding season. | ||
| Line 34: | Line 32: | ||
Lewington, J. (2000) '''Ferret husbandry, medicine and surgery''', ''Elsevier Health Sciences'' | Lewington, J. (2000) '''Ferret husbandry, medicine and surgery''', ''Elsevier Health Sciences'' | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | {{review}} |
| + | [[Category:Expert Review - Exotics]] | ||
Revision as of 15:24, 16 July 2011
Introduction
Female ferrets (jills) are induced ovulators. Ovulation occurs 30-40 hours after copulation. Failure to mate can result in a prolonged oestrus for the duration of the breeding season. The high levels of oestrogens produced may cause bone marrow suppression with leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and aplastic anaemia.
All jills develop a mild anaemia at some point during oestrus and up to 50% of jills with prolonged oestrus will develop aplastic anaemia. If animals remain in oestrus for more than 1 month they are at risk of developing hyperoestrogenism and the reduction in platelet count can lead to haemorrhage and death.
Clinical Signs
Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia around the ventrum and tail, weight loss, pale mucous membranes, tachypnoea, ecchymotic and petechial haemorrhages enlarged vulva and a serous or mucopurulent vaginal discharge.
Diagnosis
History and clinical signs are suggestive.
Haematology:
- Low PCV (normal 46-61%)
- Pancytopenia: non-regenerative anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia
Treatment/Prevention
PCV values can be used to guide treatment and are a good prognostic indicator.
Jills with PCV values above 25% have a good prognosis and ovariohysterectomy is the fastest way to remove the source of oestrogens. Hormone treatments such as proligestone, HCG or GnRH injections can be used to induce ovulation. Signs of oestrus will abate within 10-11 days but it might take up to 4 months for the anaemia to resolve.
PCV values between 15 and 25% hold a guarded prognosis, and supportive care such as fluids and blood products need to be put in place before any surgery is attempted. Hormone injections can also be considered.
The outlook for jills with a PCV below 15% is poor and intensive treatment including prophylactic antibiotics and :Category:Transfusion Medicine|multiple blood transfusions]] will be necessary for several months.
Prevention: Ovariohysterectomy at 6-8 months of age is recommended for jills that are not to be bred. Entire female ferrets should not remain in heat longer than a month and ovulation should be induced by mating with a vasectomised male or by the use of hormones such as a proligestone injection before the start of the breeding season.
References
Hubrecht, R. (2010) The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and other Research Animals, John Wiley and Sons
Jepson, L. (2009) Exotic animal medicine: a quick reference guide, Saunders
Lewington, J. (2000) Ferret husbandry, medicine and surgery, Elsevier Health Sciences
 |
This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing. |