Difference between revisions of "Haemophilus species"
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*Serotype B causes Glasser's disease in pigs | *Serotype B causes Glasser's disease in pigs | ||
*Glasser's disease | *Glasser's disease | ||
| − | ** | + | **Septicaemia |
| − | **Acute | + | **Acute inflammation affecting pleua, peritoneum, mediastinum, pericardium, joints and meninges |
**Causes a polyserositis - pericarditis, [[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory#Peritonitis|peritonitis]], pleurisy and meningitis - in pigs 3-10 weeks old | **Causes a polyserositis - pericarditis, [[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory#Peritonitis|peritonitis]], pleurisy and meningitis - in pigs 3-10 weeks old | ||
**Also causes suppurative [[Bacterial infections#Glasser's disease|bronchopneumonia, pleuritis]], [[Joints - inflammatory#In Pigs|polyarthritis]] (also ''H. suis) | **Also causes suppurative [[Bacterial infections#Glasser's disease|bronchopneumonia, pleuritis]], [[Joints - inflammatory#In Pigs|polyarthritis]] (also ''H. suis) | ||
**Expressed lesions vary between animals - meningitis is most consistent, arthritis in 20% of cases | **Expressed lesions vary between animals - meningitis is most consistent, arthritis in 20% of cases | ||
| + | **Fever, general malaise, repsiratory and abdominal signs, lameness, paralysis or convulsions | ||
**Sporadic outbreaks in the UK | **Sporadic outbreaks in the UK | ||
| + | *Morbidity and mortality often low due to widespread acquired resistance | ||
| + | **Mortality up to 50% in some outbreaks e.g. specific pathogen-free herds | ||
**Can be fatal in 2-5 days | **Can be fatal in 2-5 days | ||
| − | + | **Chronic arthritis, meningitis and intestinal obstruction due to adhesions in some surviving pigs | |
| − | **Chronic arthritis, meningitis and intestinal obstruction due to adhesions in surviving pigs | + | **Due to transport, environmental stresses, dietary and managemental factors |
*Fibrinous pneumonia secondary to enzootic pneumonia or virus infection e.g. swine influenza | *Fibrinous pneumonia secondary to enzootic pneumonia or virus infection e.g. swine influenza | ||
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===''Haemophilus paragalinarum''=== | ===''Haemophilus paragalinarum''=== | ||
| − | *Infectious coryza of poultry | + | *Infectious coryza of poultry - accute upper-respiratory tract infection |
| + | *Nasal discharge, swollen sinuses, facial oedema and conjunctivitis | ||
*Resistant to complement-mediated lysis and phagocytosis | *Resistant to complement-mediated lysis and phagocytosis | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ===''Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus''=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | *Commensal of canine lower genital tract | ||
| + | *Causes cystitis and neonatal infections | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ===''Haemophilus felis''=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | *Associated with feline conjunctivitis | ||
Revision as of 16:14, 17 December 2007
Overview
- Inhabit mucosal epithelium of upper respiratory and lower genital tract
- Suppurative infections due to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from macrophages
- Serofibrinous to fibrinopurative infections of lungs, body cavities and joints
- Colonisation of meningeal vessels causes a thrombotic vasculitis leading to encephalitis and meningitis
Haemophilus characteristics
- Morphologically variable Gram-negative bacilli, ranging from short rods to long filaments
- Facultative anaerobes
- Typically oxidase positive
- Depend on beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (V factor) and/or Haemin (X fector) for growth
- Heated blood agar (Chocolate Agar) required for growth of NAD-dependent strains
- Haemin-dependent strains grow on Blood Agar
- Do not grow on MacConkey agar
Haemophilus parasuis
- Inhabits nasopharynx of normal swine
- Serotype B causes Glasser's disease in pigs
- Glasser's disease
- Septicaemia
- Acute inflammation affecting pleua, peritoneum, mediastinum, pericardium, joints and meninges
- Causes a polyserositis - pericarditis, peritonitis, pleurisy and meningitis - in pigs 3-10 weeks old
- Also causes suppurative bronchopneumonia, pleuritis, polyarthritis (also H. suis)
- Expressed lesions vary between animals - meningitis is most consistent, arthritis in 20% of cases
- Fever, general malaise, repsiratory and abdominal signs, lameness, paralysis or convulsions
- Sporadic outbreaks in the UK
- Morbidity and mortality often low due to widespread acquired resistance
- Mortality up to 50% in some outbreaks e.g. specific pathogen-free herds
- Can be fatal in 2-5 days
- Chronic arthritis, meningitis and intestinal obstruction due to adhesions in some surviving pigs
- Due to transport, environmental stresses, dietary and managemental factors
- Fibrinous pneumonia secondary to enzootic pneumonia or virus infection e.g. swine influenza
Haemophilus somnus
- Haemophilus sommus in Enzootic pneumonia of calves
- Causes infectious thromboencephalitis in cattle 1-3 years old
- Found in the USA and Europe, including UK
- Causes a meningoencephalitis with fibrinous arterial thrombosis and necrosis
- Causes fever, staggering and dyspnoea, progressing to somnolence, paralysis and death
- Mortality can be high
Haemophilus pleuopneumonia
- H. pleuropneumonia in Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia
Haemophilus paragalinarum
- Infectious coryza of poultry - accute upper-respiratory tract infection
- Nasal discharge, swollen sinuses, facial oedema and conjunctivitis
- Resistant to complement-mediated lysis and phagocytosis
Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus
- Commensal of canine lower genital tract
- Causes cystitis and neonatal infections
Haemophilus felis
- Associated with feline conjunctivitis
Haemophilus influenzae
- Human meningitis, septicaemia, bronchopneumonia, conjunctivitis, epiglottitis, and otitis