Changes

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Oropharynx :

Oropharynx :

·        Soft palate

*Soft palate

·        Palatoglossal arch

*Palatoglossal arch

·        Tonsillary Crypts

*Tonsillary Crypts

·        Tonsils

*Tonsils

·        Hamular process of the pterygoid

*Hamular process of the pterygoid

·        Fauces

*Fauces

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Lips and Cheeks :

Lips and Cheeks :

·        Mucocutaneous junction

*Mucocutaneous junction

·        Vestibules

*Vestibules

·        Philtrum

*Philtrum

·        Frenula (maxillary and mandibular)

*Frenula (maxillary and mandibular)

·        Salivary papilla (parotid and zygomatic)

*Salivary papilla (parotid and zygomatic)

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Oral mucous membranes :

Oral mucous membranes :

·        Alveolar mucosa

*Alveolar mucosa

·        Mucogingival line

*Mucogingival line

·        Attached gingiva

*Attached gingiva

·        Free gingiva

*Free gingiva

·        Mucosa of the hard and soft palate

*Mucosa of the hard and soft palate

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Hard palate :

Hard palate :

·        Incisive papilla

*Incisive papilla

·        Incisive duct openings

*Incisive duct openings

·        Palatine rugae and raphe (always check the rugae for hair impaction in dogs presenting with halitosis especially brachycephalic breeds)

*Palatine rugae and raphe (always check the rugae for hair impaction in dogs presenting with halitosis especially brachycephalic breeds)

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Floor of mouth :

Floor of mouth :

·        Sublingual caruncle

*Sublingual caruncle

·        Tongue

*Tongue

·        Lingual frenulum – it is important to check the ventral aspect of the tongue as pathology in this area is often missed. This is a common location for squamous cell carcinomas in cats. Linear foreign bodies can often become trapped here and not always noticed.

*Lingual frenulum – it is important to check the ventral aspect of the tongue as pathology in this area is often missed. This is a common location for squamous cell carcinomas in cats. Linear foreign bodies can often become trapped here and not always noticed.

·        Lingual salivary gland

*Lingual salivary gland

·        Tongue papillae

* Tongue papillae

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Any abnormalities need to be noted – look for swellings, inflammation, ulcerations. Check if the lesion is localised to one area or more generalised. Always biopsy abnormal tissue if a cause cannot be identified.

Any abnormalities need to be noted – look for swellings, inflammation, ulcerations. Check if the lesion is localised to one area or more generalised. Always biopsy abnormal tissue if a cause cannot be identified.

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The following indices and criteria should be evaluated for each tooth:

The following indices and criteria should be evaluated for each tooth:

1. Gingivitis and gingival index

#Gingivitis and gingival index

2. Periodontal probing depth

#Periodontal probing depth

3. Gingival recession

#Gingival recession

4. Furcation involvement

#Furcation involvement

5. Mobility

#Mobility

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In animals with large accumulations of dental deposits (plaque and calculus) on the teeth, it may

In animals with large accumulations of dental deposits (plaque and calculus) on the teeth, it may

Periodontal probe

Periodontal probe

The periodontal probe is used to:

The periodontal probe is used to:

• Measure periodontal probing depth

*Measure periodontal probing depth

• Assess the degree of gingival inflammation

*Assess the degree of gingival inflammation

• Evaluate furcation lesions

*Evaluate furcation lesions

• Evaluate extent of tooth mobility.

*Evaluate extent of tooth mobility.

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Dental explorer

Dental explorer

The dental explorer or probe, a sharp-ended instrument, is used to:

The dental explorer or probe, a sharp-ended instrument, is used to:

• Determine the presence of caries

*Determine the presence of caries

• Explore other enamel and dentin defects, e.g.fracture, odontoclastic resorptive lesions.

*Explore other enamel and dentin defects, e.g.fracture, odontoclastic resorptive lesions.

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Dental mirror

Dental mirror