Difference between revisions of "Diabetes Mellitus"
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
*Occurs in most species, most commonly in dog and cat | *Occurs in most species, most commonly in dog and cat | ||
*Predisposed to [[Pancreas - inflammatory|pancreatitis]] and may also have [[EPI|pancreatic insufficiency]] | *Predisposed to [[Pancreas - inflammatory|pancreatitis]] and may also have [[EPI|pancreatic insufficiency]] | ||
| + | *Persistent [[Pancreas - endocrine#Proliferative changes#Glucagonoma|increase in glucagon]] may cause hyperglycaemia | ||
===Aetiology=== | ===Aetiology=== | ||
Can be caused by | Can be caused by | ||
| − | *Absolute deficiency of insulin | + | *Absolute deficiency of insulin due to [[Pancreas - endocrine#Degenerative pathology|degenerative changes]] in beta cells |
*Antagonism of insulin by hormones from the adrenal and thyroid glands, anterior pituitary causing high levels of blood glucose | *Antagonism of insulin by hormones from the adrenal and thyroid glands, anterior pituitary causing high levels of blood glucose | ||
*Complication of pancreatic fibrosis | *Complication of pancreatic fibrosis | ||
Revision as of 14:07, 8 August 2007
Diabetes mellitus
- Clinically significant glucose intolerance
- Chronic disease caused by absolute or relevant deficiency of insulin and therefore disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
- Occurs in most species, most commonly in dog and cat
- Predisposed to pancreatitis and may also have pancreatic insufficiency
- Persistent increase in glucagon may cause hyperglycaemia
Aetiology
Can be caused by
- Absolute deficiency of insulin due to degenerative changes in beta cells
- Antagonism of insulin by hormones from the adrenal and thyroid glands, anterior pituitary causing high levels of blood glucose
- Complication of pancreatic fibrosis
- Insulin binding antibodies, insulinase and plasma antagonists imbalance
- Chronic insulin resistance results in hyperinsulinism leading to islet exhaustion
Clinical signs
- Hyperglycaemia
- Polyuria
- Polydypsia
- Polyphagia
- Weight loss
- Muscle wasting (but some animals may present obese)
- Hepatomegaly
- Cataracts (dogs)
- Later stages when becoming ketoacidotic
- Dehydration
- Depression
- Inappetance
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Ketotic breath
- Ketonuria
- Metabolic acidosis
- Reduced cardiac output (due to loss of water and sodium), reduced blood pressure and renal flow causing circulatory collapse, coma and death
Pathology
- Pancreas appers normal or reduced in size due to fibrosis
- In cats, amyloidosis is sometimes present in the islets
- Fatty change is consistently present in the liver and kidneys
- The lens in the eye is often opaque due to deposition of sorbitol causing it to swell (glucose is converted into sorbitol once the glycolytic pathway is saturated)