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| | + | [[Bacillary Haemoglobinuria]] |
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| − | ====[[Hepatic Abscessation]]====
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| − | ====[[Bacillary Necrosis]]====
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| − |
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| − | [[Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis]]
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| − |
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| − | ====Bacillary Haemoglobinuria (Red Water)====
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| − | *''Clostridium haemolyticum'' AKA ''Clostridium novyi'' Type D
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| − | *cattle and sheep
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| − | *highly fatal
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| − | *similar pathogenesis to ''C. novyi''
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| − | *beta toxin produced
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| − | **causes hepatic necrosis and intravascular haemolysis
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| − | *C. haemolyticum found in soil, poorly drained/wet pastures
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| − | *spores found routinely in [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and GIT and faeces of grazing animals in affected pastures
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| − | *need disease in [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] casing anaerobic conditions to allow bacterial growth and toxin production
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| − | *normally associated with [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|Liver]] Fluke damage
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| − | *disease occurs in some areas and some farms - distribution is poorly understood
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| − | =====Clinical Signs=====
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| − | *found dead/sudden death
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| − | **lateral recumbency
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| − | **bloat
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| − | **little signs of struggle
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| − | **blood in nostrils, mouth, [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]], [[Female Reprodcutive Tract -The Vagina/Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]]
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| − | *IF seen alive
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| − | **depressed, reluctant to move, pyrexia, respiratory distress
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| − | **red urine (haemoglobinuria) but not consistent
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| − | **pale mucous membranes/jaundice
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| − | **bloody froth in nostrils
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| − |
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| − | =====Gross=====
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| − | *post mortem is confirmatory finding
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| − | *rapid decomposition of carcass
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| − | **organs decomposed
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| − | *subcutaneous hameorrhages, odema, emphysema
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| − | *blood stained abdominal and thoracic fluid, large quantity and pericardium
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| − | *animal is severely anaemic
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| − | *may be jaundiced
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| − | *red urine in [[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|bladder]], therefore haemoglobin in urine
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| − | *[[Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Upper Urinary System|kidneys]] speckled with haemoglobin
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| − | *blood in lungs/trachea
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| − | *ischaemic hepatic infarct
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| − | **usually a single large necrotic focus in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
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| − | **area of necrosis, sometimes partially liquefied centre, irregular outline with a hyperaemic edge
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| − |
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| − | =====Microscopically=====
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| − | *presence of Clostridia post mortem must be interpreted with great caution as they are common post mortem invaders
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| − | *FAT for organism
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| − | *identification of toxins
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| − | **need this for diagnosis
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| − |
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| − | =====Treatment=====
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| − | *unlikely
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| − | *very high doses of penicillin or oxytetracycline
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| − | *blood transfusion
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| − | =====Prevention=====
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| − | *vaccination lasts up to 6 months
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| − | *[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] fluke control
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| − | *remove infected carcasses from pasture
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| − | NB: Distinguish Red Water from Black Disease! The former will have bleeding out of any orifice while the latter does not
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| | ====Tyzzer's disease==== | | ====Tyzzer's disease==== |