Difference between revisions of "Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology"

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*[[Toxoplasma|'''''Toxoplasma gondii''''']]
 
*[[Toxoplasma|'''''Toxoplasma gondii''''']]
**Cats as final hosts
+
 
**Intermediate hosts, birds and mammals have tachyzoites throughout body, infrequently in skeletal muscle
 
**Histologically:
 
***Multifocal [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Necrosis|necrosis]] of myofibres
 
***Lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration
 
***In later stages bradyzoite cysts
 
 
*[[Neospora|'''''Neospora caninum''''']]
 
*[[Neospora|'''''Neospora caninum''''']]
 
**Necrotising inflammation of muscles
 
**Necrotising inflammation of muscles
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**In cattle
 
**In cattle
 
**Infrequent muscle [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Necrosis|necrosis]]
 
**Infrequent muscle [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Necrosis|necrosis]]
 
  
 
====Arthropods====
 
====Arthropods====

Revision as of 10:48, 1 July 2010


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()Map MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (Map)
MUSCLES



Myositis

  • Inflammation of muscle


Bacterial myositis

  • Bacteria gain entry via:
    • Direct penetration
    • Blood stream
    • Extension
  • Lesions caused:
    • Suppurative
    • Serosanguinous
    • Granulomatous


Abscesses


Black Leg

Gas gangrene

Wooden tongue

Tuberculosis

Actinomyces bovis

Botryomycosis

Viral myositis

  • Rare in the UK

Porcine encephalomyelitis

Foot and Mouth Disease

Bluetongue

Parasitic myositis

Sarcocyst (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Rare in domestic animals


Nematodes


Cestodes

Protozoa

  • Neospora caninum
    • Necrotising inflammation of muscles
    • Myositis more severe than in toxoplasmosis
  • Sarcocystis
    • Histologically:
      • Merozoites causing focal and segmental necrosis
      • May involve mineralisation
      • Non-purulent myositis with plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophages
    • Diaphragm and masseters most severely affected
  • Hepatozoon americanum
    • Develop cysts in skeletal muscle of dogs and cats
    • May be accompanied by pyogranulomatous myositis - macrophages and neutrophils mainly with occasional other cells
  • Trypanosoma
    • Infrequent muscle lesions with mononuclear infiltrates
    • Dogs, cats and pigs are affected
    • Parasites lie between myofilaments
    • May cause fibre degeneration
  • Babesia bovis

Arthropods

  • Dipterious larvae causing myiasis
  • Hypoderma spp. in cattle
    • May occasionally burrow into muscle

Immune-mediated myositis

Masticatory muscle myositis (MMM)

  • Occurs in dogs
  • Tends to affect the masseter and temporalis muscles
  • Autoantibodies selectively attack muscles of mastication (type IIM fibres)
  • Acute stage = eosinophilic myositis
    • Extremely swollen, painful, hard masticatory muscles
  • Chronic stage = atrophic myositis
    • Atrophy may occur without previous acute stage
  • Grossly:
    • Bilateral but not necessarily symmetrical
    • At first, enlarged and oedematous muscles becominf dark red, firm with reddish streaks and yellowiss foci
  • Histologically:
    • Acute lesions:
    • Chronic stage:
      • Atrophy predominates
      • Fasciculi are shrunken
      • Condensation of stroma -> enlarged endomysium
      • Focal plasma cell and lymphocyte infiltration

Canine dermatomyositis

Idiopathic myositis

Canine polymyositis

  • DOES NOT include MMM above
  • Rare
  • Clinical signs:
    • Muscle pain
    • Fever
    • Weakness, particularly in hind limbs
  • Grossly:
    • Inflammation is accompanied by muscle necrosis and regeneration
  • Histologically:
    • Inflammatory foci with lymphocytes, plasma cells and occasionally eosinophils
  • Possibly immunological cause
  • Single biopsy may not be enough to make the diagnosis as it tends to be multifocal and disseminated
  • Lesions similar to some infectious causes (such as Toxoplasma gondii)

Canine bilateral extraocular polymyositis

  • In Golden retrievers
  • Very rare
  • Clinical signs:
    • Acute bilateral exophthalmos
  • Involves only extraocular muscles except for retractor blbi
  • Grossly:
    • Swollen and pale extraocular muscles
  • Histologically:
    • Sterile myositis
    • Multifocal necrosis of myofibres
    • Lymphocytic, histiocytic and plasmacytic infiltrate with few neutrophils


Bovine and ovine eosinophilic myositis

  • Unknown aetiology
  • Major cell involved is eosinphil
  • Usually noticed at slaughter - green muscle discoloration
  • May be caused by degenteration of Sarcocystis spp.
  • Grossly:
    • Green discolored areas, well demarcated
    • Mostly in muscles of back and thighs
  • Histologically:
    • Massive eosinophil infiltration
    • Muscle fibres may degenerate
    • In old lesions - endimysial fibrosis, myofibre atrophy, some regeneration, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and few eosinophils
    • Capsule may form