Ixodes spp.

Ixodes
Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Arthropoda
Class	Arachnida
Order	Ixodida
Family	Ixodidae
Genus	Ixodes

Introduction

Ixodes ricinus - Richard Bartz, Wikimedia Commons

Ixodes spp. can be identified by;

• Long palps
• Absent eyes
• Not ornate
• No festoons
• Anterior anal grooves

There are a number of Ixodes species present in the UK, however the most prevalent are I.ricinus, I.canisuga and I.trianguliceps.

I. ricinus

This hard tick is found throughout Europe and north Africa living in woodland, forests and bushes. Its life cycle can last between 1 and 6 years but normally takes 2 or 3 and involves three hosts. When feeding the female can grow up to 200 times her original size, feeding also causes paralysis in the host. The adults will target medium to large mammals such as sheep, cattle, dogs, deer, horses and humans whilst the larval and nymphal stages will attack smaller mammals, birds and reptiles. Once the adult female has fed once for a number of hours and mated on the host she will drop to the floor and lay her eggs in matted vegetation before dieing. I.ricinus is known to transmit Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) to cattle, horse and humans as well as Q fever (Coxiella burnetti). There a number of other infectious agents transmitted by Ixodes species including Babesia divergens, B.bovis, B.ovis, Rickettsia conorii, Anaplasma marginale, Ehrlichia phagocytophila and Staphylococcus aureus.

I. canisuga

This is a host specific tick of dogs and lives in kennels in the UK and throughout Europe. Again it is a three host tick that can be active throughout the year. Females do not engorge greatly when feeding and although usually species specific the tick can spread disease to other animals such as badgers, minks, foxes and cats. In Russia the tick is known to spread Pasteurella pestis which causes plague.

I. trianguliceps

All stages of this tick attack small mammals such as mice, rats and voles but also accidentally found on man, horses, small birds and lizards. This tick is also a three host tick that lives in humid forested locations. It is known to transmit Babesia microti (human babesiosis) as well as Q fever, TBE, tuleraemia, Lyme disease and Louping ill.

I. hexagonus

This is known as the hedgehog tick however it will also affect dogs, cats, ferrets and weasels. This is commonly seen in small animal practice.