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==Introduction==

==Introduction==

The reticulum is the second chamber of the ruminant stomach. It has regular contractions which precede the biphasic ruminal contraction for digestion of food particles.

The reticulum is the second chamber of the ruminant stomach. It has regular contractions which precede the biphasic ruminal contraction for digestion of food particles. Mechanical digestion and microbial fermentation occur to breakdown food particles for absorption. [[Volatile Fatty Acids|Volatile fatty acids]] are the major product of ruminant digestion.

 

Mechanical digestion and microbial fermentation occur to breakdown food particles for absorption. [[Volatile Fatty Acids|Volatile fatty acids]] are the major product of ruminant digestion.

 

==Structure==

==Structure==

[[Image:Reticulum Anatomy Sheep.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Reticulum Anatomy (Sheep) - Copyright RVC 2008]]

[[Image:Reticulum Anatomy Sheep.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Reticulum Anatomy (Sheep) - Copyright RVC 2008]]

 

 

 

 

*From cardia to the diaphragm

The reticulum is covered by greater omentum. The rumino-reticular fold often gets objects lodged. When the [[Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]] contracts, the object can be pushed through the reticulum wall into the [[Heart Structure - Anatomy & Physiology#Pericardium|pericardium]] and [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]].

*Lies above the xiphoid process of the sternum

Opening at the cardia into both the reticulum and the [[Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]] is called the reticuluar groove (see [[Oesophageal Groove|oseophageal groove]]). The reticular groove also opens into the [[Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology|omasum]].

*Serosa covers the surface

The reticulum is cranial to the [[Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]] at ribs 6-8. It is located from cardia to the diaphragm. It lies above the xiphoid process of the sternum. Serosa covers the surface.

==Function==

==Function==

*Waste removal

The functions of the reticulum include waste removal and movement. Simpler products of digestion are assilimated directly, others continue down the digestive tract for further digestion.

 

 

*Simpler products of digestion are assilimated directly, others continue down the digestive tract for further digestion

 

 

==Ruminoreticular contraction==

==Ruminoreticular contraction==

[[Image:Contractions of the ruminoreticulum diagram.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Diagram of the contractions of the ruminoreticulum - Copyright RVC 2008]]

[[Image:Contractions of the ruminoreticulum diagram.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Diagram of the contractions of the ruminoreticulum - Copyright RVC 2008]]

*Secondary lets gas out

The contractions primary mix food. There is a mixing cycle of ruminoreticulum. There are 2 contractions of the reticulum (2nd most powerful) which continues over the [[Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]]. Ingesta flows from the reticulum to cranial ruminal sac to reticulum (or ventral sac). It occurs every 60 seconds. The secondary contraction lets gas out. (See [[Eructation - Anatomy & Physiology|eructation]]). Ingesta flows from the ventral blind sac to the dorsal blind sac to dorsal sac ([[Eructation - Anatomy & Physiology|eructation]]) to the ventral sac.

**See [[Eructation - Anatomy & Physiology|eructation]]

**Ingesta flows from ventral blind sac to dorsal blind sac to dorsal sac ([[Eructation - Anatomy & Physiology|eructation]]) to ventral sac

==Vasculature==

==Vasculature==

*Cranial mesenteric artery

The reticulum recieves blood supply from the '''cranial mesenteric artery''', '''celiac artery''' and '''right and left ruminal arteries'''.

 

*Celiac artery

 

*Right and left ruminal arteries

==Innervation==

==Innervation==

*Dorsal vagus ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]]) (most important)

The reticulum is innervated by the '''dorsal vagus''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]]) (most important) and the '''ventral vagus''' nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]]).

 

*Ventral vagus ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]])

==Lymphatics==

==Lymphatics==

*Numerous small lymph nodes are scattered in the grooves

Numerous small lymph nodes are scattered in the grooves. The lymph drains to larger atrial nodes between the cardia and [[Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology|omasum]], then to the cistera chyli.

 

*The lymph drains to larger atrial nodes between the cardia and [[Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology|omasum]], then to the cistera chyli

 

 

==Species Differences==

==Species Differences==

===Small Ruminants===

===Small Ruminants===

*In sheep and goats the ridges of the reticular cells are lower and have more prominant serrated edges than in cattle

Small ruminants have a larger reticulum compared to cattle. In sheep and goats, the ridges of the reticular cells are lower and have more prominant serrated edges than in cattle. The papillated ruminal mucosa expands over a greater proportion of the reticulum.

 

*The papillated ruminal mucosa expands over a greater proportion of the reticulum

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[[Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology]]

'''Click here for information on [[Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen - Anatomy & Physiology]]'''

[[Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology|The Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology]]

'''Click here for information on [[Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology|omasum - Anatomy & Physiology]]'''

[[Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|The Abomasum- Anatomy & Physiology]]

'''Click here for information on [[Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum- Anatomy & Physiology]]'''

'''Video'''

'''Video links:'''

[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/bovine/Pot0052.mp4 Pot 52 Lateral view of the Abdomen of a young Ruminant]  

[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/bovine/Pot0052.mp4 Pot 52 Lateral view of the Abdomen of a young Ruminant]  

[[Category:Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:To Do - A&P]]

[[Category:To Do - AimeeHicks]]