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Also known as: EIA, Swamp Fever
Description
Equine Infectious Anaemia (EIA) is an exotic viral disease affecting horses, donkeys and mules. It is caused by Equine Infectious Anaemia Virus (EIAV), an equid-specific lentivirus in the retrovirus family that is closely to related to HIV in humans. Cases of EIA in the UK are extremely rare and have previously occurred in horses that have travelled abroad or been imported from areas of endemic disease. In the UK The disease is notifiable and confirmed cases must be humanely destroyed.
Signalment
All equids are susceptible to EIA but donkeys and mules appear to be less severely affected. No breed, age or sex predilection has been reported.
Pathogenesis
Affected horses that recover from EIA may become lifelong carriers, and relapse of the disease may occur during times of stress or illness.
EIA occurs worldwide but most commonly in countries with warm climates. The virus is usually transmitted via mechanical innoculation of blood from large biting flies such as horseflies (Tabanid spp) or stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans). Additionally, transmission of the virus may occur through saliva, milk, body secretions or via contaminated needles and blood products. The virus may also be passed from pregnant mares to their foals across the placenta.
Following coating of erthrocytes and thrombocytes by the virus and the development of a Type III immune complex reacion, lysis of erthrocytes occur. Affected horses become persistently infected, lifelong carriers of the disease due to latent infection of macrophages. EIA may be induced by stress, disease or immunosuppressive drugs.
Clinical signs
The incubation period of the disease ranges from 10 to over 45 days and the clinical presentation is highly variable. EIA occurs in acute and subacute forms in susceptible animals but more commonly assumes a chronic course. However, a large number of affected horses do not display any clinical signs and inapparent carriers may be clinically normal.
In the acute stages, clinical signs may include mucosal petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages, depression, lymphadenopathy, fever, lethargy and inappetance. Horses that have been infected for thirty days or may display the characteristic signs of EIA including ventral and limb oedema, anemia, icterus, pyrexia and cachexia.
Diagnosis
The 'gold standard' for diagnostic confirmation is an agar gel immunodiffusion test (the Coggins test) which detects serum antibodies against the EIA virus. The test is 95% accurate for the diagnosis of EIA but false positives may be obtained from foals that have absorbed colostrum from affected mares and false negatives may occur during acute stages of EIA. The Coggins test may be performed in combination with an ELISA or PCR test in order to increase the test sensitivity. Additionally, haematology may reveal a moderate to marked anaemia, leukcopaenia and bilirubinaemia. Mild thrombocytopaenia is common in the acute phase of infection.
Treatment
No specific treatment or vaccine for EIA is available and treatment is usually supportive. Infected horses should be isolated from other horses due to the risk of spread of disease. NSAIDs may be used to control pyrexia and inflammation and/. Corticosteroids are contraindicated due to the possibility of exacerbating viral replication and clinical disease. In the UK, DEFRA policy is that horses with a confirmed (tested) case of EIA must be slaughtered under Section 32 of the Animal Health Act 1981. Horses that have been in close contact with diseased animals must be kept in isolation for 90 days and tested on a monthly basis with regular veterinary assessment. After this period of testing, restrictions may be lifted if no disease is found.
Control
Although attenuated live vaccines are available in the United States, these are not in current use in the UK.
Prognosis
Foals exposed to EIAV have a high fatality rate but generally horses recover from the disease, becoming lifelong inapparent carriers. Although occasionally some horses die from EIA, the majority become lifelong inapparent carriers.
References
- Dwight, C., Hirsh, Y., Zee, Y. C. (1999) Veterinary Microbiology Wiley-Blackwell
- Higgins, A., Snyder, J. R. (2006) The Equine Manual Elsevier Health Sciences
- Jain, N. C. (1993) Essentials of Veterinary Haematology Wiley-Blackwell
- Lavoie, J. P., Hinchcliff, K. W. (2009) Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Equine John Wiley and Sons