Bladder Displacements

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Displacements of the bladder include torsion, retroflexion and eversion through the urethra. Urnine stasis that occurs secondarily to displacements predisposes the urinary tract to infection.

Retroflexion

  • Is a sequel of vaginal prolapse or perineal hernias.
    • Perineal hernias can lead to serious complications such as hydronephrosis or bladder rupture.
  • Can occur in dogs as a result of tenesmus secondary to constipation or prostatic enlargement.

Eversion through the urethra

  • The short, wide urethra of females permits prolapse of the bladder.
  • Follows straining, especially during parturition.
  • If severe and not replaced, necrosis can occur due to obstruction of the vascalature.
  • The bladder can also prolapse through a vaginal tear.