Measures of effect and impact

Disease status	Exposed	Unexposed	Total
Diseased	a1	a0	m1
Non-diseased	b1	b0	m0
Total	n1	n0	n

Risk difference (RD)

Risk difference or Attributable risk is the amount of disease observed in the population which is attributable to the exposure of interest and is calculated by subtracting the risk of disease in the unexposed group from the risk of disease in the exposed group. It assumes that the risk of disease in the non-exposed group is the ‘baseline’ risk of disease, therefore in order to calculate a risk difference groups of animals must be similar with regards to all other factors associated with disease.