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This picture shows a duck's foot.
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| Describe the lesions shown above. | Dry gangrene and loss of tissue from the extremity of a duck’s foot.
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| What are the possible aetiologies? | Dry gangrene of extremities, as seen in mammals, has not been recorded in birds. This is caused by frostbite. Ergot poisoning has not been reported in birds.
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| Which species are most commonly affected? | Waterfowl are most commonly affected by frostbite in this manner. Waterfowl lose heat by panting or heat exchange through their legs. However, most waterfowl are remarkably tolerant of frost effects, particularly if they have open water to swim in. When sedentary, they tend to squat down, sitting on their feet in order to maintain temperature. Species endogenous to warm climates, but kept in temperate areas, are most susceptible.
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| What undesirable side effect may be seen as a consequence of a bird’s attempt to avoid the condition? | Flamingos and other long-legged birds, being unable to sit on their feet to maintain heat, simply reduce peripheral circulation. Although they often avoid frostbite, the long-term effect of poor pedal circulation is a marked deterioration in dermal quality, leading to cracking and low-grade bacterial infections.
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