Bladder Displacements

Displacements of the bladder include torsion, retroflexion and eversion through the urethra. Urnine stasis that occurs secondarily to displacements predisposes the urinary tract to infection.

Retroflexion

• Is a sequel of vaginal prolapse or perineal hernias.
  • Perineal hernias can lead to serious complications such as hydronephrosis or bladder rupture.
• Can occur in dogs as a result of tenesmus secondary to constipation or prostatic enlargement.

Eversion through the urethra

• The short, wide urethra of females permits prolapse of the bladder.
• Follows straining, especially during parturition.
• If severe and not replaced, necrosis can occur due to obstruction of the vasculature.
• The bladder can also prolapse through a vaginal tear.