Hydropic Degeneration

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  • Hydropic degeneration often indicates severe cellular damage due to viruses.
    • Is a more severe or advanced form of cellular swelling.
  • There are two types of hydropic degeneration, in which:
    1. The cells may swell up like a balloon prior to their destruction.
      • Ballooning Degeneration
    2. There is a discrete bleb (vacuole) of fluid within the cytoplasm.
      • Vacuolar Degeneration

Ballooning Degeneration

  • May occur in a variety of conditions.
    • Is particularly seen in viral conditions of epithelial tissue.
  • Foot and Mouth Disease is the best example.
    • Foot and Mouth virus attacks the stratum spinosum of the epithelium of the tongue and feet.
    • Affected cells balloon up with water containing the replicating virus, swelling until they burst.
      • The fluid contained in the cells then forms microvesicles (blisters) in the stratum spinosum.
        • Blisters may later burst, shedding vast quantities of the virus.
    • On bursting, the edges of the erosions look ragged.
      • Within weeks, the germinal epithelium at the base of the erosion regenerates the epithelium, leaving no trace of a scar.

Vacuolar Degeneration

  • In vacuolar degeneration, excess water is transferred to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
  • The ER swells and eventually fragments.
    • A fluid vacuole remains in the cytoplasm.
  • Commonly occurs in cells that are very metabolically active and have well developed pumping mechanisms.
    • E.g. as the hepatocyte, renal tubular epithelium and pancreatic acinar cell.

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