Displacements of the bladder include torsion, retroflexion and eversion through the urethra. Urnine stasis that occurs secondarily to displacements predisposes the urinary tract to infection.
Retroflexion
- Is a sequel of vaginal prolapse or perineal hernias.
- Perineal hernias can lead to serious complications such as hydronephrosis or bladder rupture.
- Can occur in dogs as a result of tenesmus secondary to constipation or prostatic enlargement.
Eversion through the urethra
- The short, wide urethra of females permits prolapse of the bladder.
- Follows straining, especially during parturition.
- If severe and not replaced, necrosis can occur due to obstruction of the vascalature.
- The bladder can also prolapse through a vaginal tear.
