Helminth Flashcards

Cestodes

Question	Answer	Article
Fill in the missing words about cestodes	A cestode (tapeworm) is a chain (strobila) of progressively maturing reproductive units called proglottids anchored at one end to the intestinal wall by a hold-fast organ called the scolex.	Link to Answer Article
What are halteres?	Reduced pair of wings Used for balance Possessed by diperan flies	Link to Answer Article
What are spiracles?	Chitinous openings On the side of the body Under muscular control so can open and close at will Mounted on stimatic plates Leads to trachea Can be used for species identification	Link to Answer Article
What is the name of the general insect body system?	Haemocoele	Link to Answer Article
What are oviparous insects?	Lay eggs outside of the body which hatch after deposition	Link to Answer Article
What are viviparous insects?	Lay larvae or nymphs Eggs rupture in female reproductive system	Link to Answer Article
Summarise simple metamorphosis and give an example of a species of insect which uses it	Nymph emerges from egg Nymph grows and moults Nymph becomes an adult Lice	Link to Answer Article
Summarise complex metamorphosis and give an example of a species of insect which uses it	Larva emerges from egg Larva grows and moults Larva pupates Adult emerges from pupa Flies	Link to Answer Article

Fleas

Question	Answer	Article
What is the most common species of flea which infects cats and dogs?	Ctenocephalides felis Cat flea	Link to Answer Article
Which flea only has pronotal combs?	Ceratophyllus gallinae Poultry flea	Link to Answer Article
*What are the key features of Pulex irritans?*	No combs Head rounded anteriorly	Link to Answer Article
*How is the life cycle of Spilopsyllus cuniculi* scynchronised with their main hosts the rabbit?**	Shortly before the doe gives birth the adult fleas attach to the ears of the rabbit and feed producing a lot of faeces After parturition the adult fleas move onto the kittens where they feed, mate and lay eggs The new adult fleas emerge from the pupa before the kittens leave the nest	Link to Answer Article
How long do adult fleas live?	7-10 days	Link to Answer Article
What do flea eggs look like?	Ivory-white Oval shaped 0.5mm long	Link to Answer Article
Which life cycle stage is negatively phototropic and what does this mean?	Larvae Crawl away from light sources	Link to Answer Article
What is the name of the flea juvenile hormone?	Methoprene	Link to Answer Article

Lice

Question	Answer	Article
What are the characteristics of chewing lice?	Broad head Rasping mouthparts Thorax narrower than head	Link to Answer Article
True or False: Chewing lice are found on both mammals and birds?	True Occurs on both mammals and birds	Link to Answer Article
What are the characteristics of sucking lice?	Narrow head Piercing mouthparts Thorax wider than head Powerful legs	Link to Answer Article
True or False: Sucking lice are found on both mammals and birds?	False Occurs on mammals only	Link to Answer Article
How long does the louse life cycle take?	2-3 weeks	Link to Answer Article
What is the name of the generalised condition lice cause?	Pediculosis	Link to Answer Article
Which species is affected by only sucking lice?	Pigs	Link to Answer Article
Are birds affected by sucking or chewing lice?	Chewing	Link to Answer Article
True or False: Mallophaga are more susceptible to systemic insecticides than Alloplura?	False Anopleura lice are more susceptible to systemic insecticide treatment	Link to Answer Article

Nuisance Flies

Question	Answer	Article
*What are the two Muscidae* species of veterinary importance?**	Hydrotaea irritans Head fly Musca spp. Face and house flies	Link to Answer Article
What is the main difference between biting and nuisance flies?	Nuisance flies have sponge-like labellum mouthparts Biting flies have pointed mouthparts for sucking blood	Link to Answer Article
*How do Musca* spp. cause production losses?**	Fly worry Reduced weight gain Reduced milk yield	Link to Answer Article
Give some examples of disease Musca' spp. transmit	Viruses E.g. Enteroviridae Bacteria E.g. Anthrax Helminths E.g. Habronema	Link to Answer Article
*True or False: H. irritans* larvae undergo diapause?**	True Larvae undergo diapause and pupate in spring	Link to Answer Article
*What problems can H. irritans* cause in livestock?**	Summer mastitis in cattle Broken Head in sheep Can increase the incidence of secondary blowfly stirke	Link to Answer Article

Biting Flies

Question	Answer	Article
*Is Stomoxys calcitrans* a visiting or resident biting fly?**	Visiting	Link to Answer Article
*What are the main recognisable features of Stomoxys calcitrans?*	Forward pointing proboscis Grey colouring Grey stripes on thorax and black spots on abdomen Clear wings	Link to Answer Article
*How do Stomoxys calcitrans* cause production losses?**	Decrease milk production Decrease weight gain Cause fly worry	Link to Answer Article
*Which retrovirus is Stomoxys calcitrans* a vector for?**	Equine infectious anaemia	Link to Answer Article
*What is Haematoba irritans* more commonly known as?**	The horn fly	Link to Answer Article
*Why is Haematoba irritans* easier to control than visiting biting flies?**	Is a resident fly Spends more time in contact with the host	Link to Answer Article
*What are the three most important species of Tabanidae?*	Tabanus Chrysops Haematopota	Link to Answer Article
*How could you identify Tabanidae* species solely on looking at their wing venation?**	Closed discal cell wing venation	Link to Answer Article
*Why do Simuliidae* species have a hump-backed appearance?**	Arched thorax produced a hump-backed appearance	Link to Answer Article
*Why is the life cycle of Simuliidae* species?**	Eggs laid on plants or stones under flowing water Larvae attach to submerged rocks and pupate Conical shaped cocoon Adults emerge en masse Life cycle takes one month to complete	Link to Answer Article
*What are Glossinidae* species more commonly known as and which trypanosomal disease do they transmit to humans?**	Tsetse flies Sleeping sickness	Link to Answer Article
*Why are Ceratopogonidae* species a problem to livestock**	Causes sweet-itch in horses Are vectors for blue tongue Vectors for parasites such as Onchocerca in cattle Cause skin infections in livestock	Link to Answer Article
*What are Culicidae* species better known as?**	Mosquitos	Link to Answer Article
*True or False: Both male and female Culicidae* suck blood?**	False Only female mosquitos suck blood	Link to Answer Article
*What are Psychodidae* the main vectors for?**	Leishmaniasis	Link to Answer Article
*What are Hippobosca* more commonly known as?**	Forest flies	Link to Answer Article
*What are Melophagus* more commonly known as?**	Sheep ked	Link to Answer Article
*What are the main recognisable features of Melophagus* species?**	Hairy Reddish-brown colouring Forward pointing proboscis Narrown head Dorso-ventrally flattened Wingless	Link to Answer Article
*Are Melophagus* species resident or visiting flies?**	Resident Spend the entire life cycle on the host	Link to Answer Article

Myiasis Producing Flies

Question	Answer	Article
What is myiasis?	The parasitism of living animals by dipteran larvae	Link to Answer Article
*Are Oestridae* species obligatory or facultative parasites?**	Obligatory	Link to Answer Article
*What are Hypoderma* species more commonly known as and what do they look like?**	Warble flies Look like bumble bees Yellow abdomen Band of black hairs	Link to Answer Article
*Where in the body are the winter resting sites of Hypoderma* species?**	Epidural fat in the spinal canal for H. bovis Wall of the oesophagus for H. lineatum	Link to Answer Article
How many generations of warble flies are there per year?	One	Link to Answer Article
Why are warble flies a problem?	Cause production losses Cause myositis Causes paraplegia	Link to Answer Article
*What are Oestrus ovis* species also known as?**	Sheep nasal bot flies	Link to Answer Article
*How are the Oestrus ovis* larvae distinguished?**	Distinct black bands on each body segment	Link to Answer Article
*If Oestrus ovis* larvae are deposited in late summer, where in the sheep can they overwinter?**	In the nasal cavity	Link to Answer Article
*True or False: Oestrus ovis* larvae cause true gid in sheep?**	False Larvae cause false gid	Link to Answer Article
*What are the three main species of Gasterophilus* in the UK, also known as the horse bot fly?**	G. intestinalis G. nasalis G. haemorrhoidalis	Link to Answer Article
*Where does Gasterophilus* species lay their eggs on the horse?**	G. intestinalis lays its eggs in the hair around the shoulders and fore legs G. nasalis lays its eggs in the intermandibular area G. haemorrhoidalis lays its eggs around the lips	Link to Answer Article
*What are the Gasterophilus* larvae called once they have attached to the gastric mucosa?**	Bots	Link to Answer Article
*Where do Dermatobia hominis* lay their eggs?**	On blood sucking flies	Link to Answer Article
*How long is the life cycle of Dermatobia hominis?*	4 months	Link to Answer Article
*Are Calliphoridae* species obligatory or facultative parsites?**	Facultative	Link to Answer Article
*What is the name of the condition caused by Calliphoridae?*	Blowfly strike If the fly lays eggs on an animal, the animal is said to be blown The damage the larvae causes to the animal is known as strike	Link to Answer Article
Where are blowfly eggs laid on an animal?	On soiled fleece On carrion In wounds	Link to Answer Article
How many generations of blowflies develop per year?	Up to 4 per year in temperate climates Up to 10 per year in warmer climates	Link to Answer Article
What factors influence the prevalence of blowfly strike?	Temperature Rainfall Host suceptibility	Link to Answer Article
*What are the recognisable features of Wohlfahrtia* species?**	Pale grey colouring Black striped on thorax and black spots on abdomen	Link to Answer Article