Changes

:- connect the distal part of the middle phalanx to the sides of the proximal distal phalanx.  

:- connect the distal part of the middle phalanx to the sides of the proximal distal phalanx.  

'''Dorsal ligament''' - yellow elastic tissue connecting the proximal dorsal border of the middle phalanx to the extensor process of the distal phalanx.  

'''Dorsal ligament'''  

:- yellow elastic tissue connecting the proximal dorsal border of the middle phalanx to the extensor process of the distal phalanx.  

'''Distal sesamoid ligaments'''' - connect the distal border of the distal sesamoid bone to the flexor surface of the distal phalanx and has axial and abaxial parts.  

'''Distal sesamoid ligaments''''  

:- connect the distal border of the distal sesamoid bone to the flexor surface of the distal phalanx and has axial and abaxial parts.  

'''Collateral sesamoid ligaments''' - fibroelastic ligaments that attach the middle phalanx to the proximal border of the navicular bone.

'''Collateral sesamoid ligaments'''  

:- fibroelastic ligaments that attach the middle phalanx to the proximal border of the navicular bone.

'''Distal interdigital ligaments'''- cruciate ligaments that attach the abaxial aspect of the proximal end of the middle phalanx to the axial surface of the opposing distal phalanx and distal sesamoid.

'''Distal interdigital ligaments'''

:- cruciate ligaments that attach the abaxial aspect of the proximal end of the middle phalanx to the axial surface of the opposing distal phalanx and distal sesamoid.

==Musculature==

==Musculature==

'''Interosseous/Suspensory ligament'''

'''Interosseous/Suspensory ligament'''

 

:Function - support of the metacarpophalangeal joints.

Function- support of the metacarpophalangeal joints.

:Origin - palmar aspect of the proximal end of the metacarpal bones, distal row of carpal bones and the joint capsule of the carpus.

 

:Insertion - At the distal third of the metacarpal bone, it divides into three. The lateral branch further splits in two, attaches to the proximal sesamoids of the fetlock and then continues round dorsally on the proximal lateral phalanx and attaches to the lateral digital extensor tendon. The medial branch is likewise arranged, but attaches to the medial digital extensor tendon. The middle branch dives between the groove of the distal part of the metacarpal bone and divides into two branches that attach to the tendons of the common digital extensor tendon.   

Origin - palmar aspect of the proximal end of the metacarpal bones, distal row of carpal bones and the joint capsule of the carpus.

 

Insertion - At the distal third of the metacarpal bone, it divides into three. The lateral branch further splits in two, attaches to the proximal sesamoids of the fetlock and then continues round dorsally on the proximal lateral phalanx and attaches to the lateral digital extensor tendon. The medial branch is likewise arranged, but attaches to the medial digital extensor tendon. The middle branch dives between the groove of the distal part of the metacarpal bone and divides into two branches that attach to the tendons of the common digital extensor tendon.   

===Forelimb===

===Forelimb===

'''Superficial digital flexor'''

'''Superficial digital flexor'''

 

:Function - flexion of the digits.

Function - flexion of the digits.

:Origin - medial epicondyle of the humerus.

 

:Insertion - solar surface of the middle phalanges.

Origin - medial epicondyle of the humerus.

 

Insertion - solar surface of the middle phalanges.

'''Deep digital flexor'''

'''Deep digital flexor'''

 

:Function - flexion of the digits.

Function - flexion of the digits.

:Origin - medial epicondyle of the humerus, proximal radius and ulna.

 

:Insertion - solar surfaces of distal phalanges.

Origin - medial epicondyle of the humerus, proximal radius and ulna.

 

Insertion - solar surfaces of distal phalanges.

'''Common digital extensor'''

'''Common digital extensor'''

 

:Function - extensor of the digits.

Function - extensor of the digits.

:Origin - lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the ulna.  

 

:Insertion - It splits in two at the level of the fetlock, each branch then inserting on the extensor process of each distal phalanx.

Origin - lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the ulna.  

 

Insertion - It splits in two at the level of the fetlock, each branch then inserting on the extensor process of each distal phalanx.

'''Medial digital extensor'''

'''Medial digital extensor'''

 

:Function - extensor of the medial digit.

Function - extensor of the medial digit.

:Origin - lateral epicondyle.

 

:Insertion - by two branches to the middle and distal medial phalanges.

Origin - lateral epicondyle.

 

Insertion - by two branches to the middle and distal medial phalanges.

'''Lateral digital extensor'''

'''Lateral digital extensor'''

 

:Function - extensor of the digits.

Function - extensor of the digits.

:Origin - lateral ligament of the elbow, lateral tuberosity of the radius, ulna.

 

:Insertion - by two branches to the middle and distal lateral phalanges.

Origin - lateral ligament of the elbow, lateral tuberosity of the radius, ulna.

 

Insertion - by two branches to the middle and distal lateral phalanges.

===Hindlimb===

===Hindlimb===

'''Long Digital Extensor'''

'''Long Digital Extensor'''

 

:Origin - extensor fossa of the lateral femoral condyle.

Origin - extensor fossa of the lateral femoral condyle.

:Insertion - It splits in two at the level of the fetlock, each branch then inserting on the extensor process of each distal phalanx.

 

Insertion - It splits in two at the level of the fetlock, each branch then inserting on the extensor process of each distal phalanx.

'''Medial digital extensor'''

'''Medial digital extensor'''

 

:Function - extensor of the medial digit.

Function - extensor of the medial digit.

:Origin - extensor fossa of the lateral femoral condyle.

 

:Insertion - the middle medial phalanx.

Origin - extensor fossa of the lateral femoral condyle.

 

Insertion - the middle medial phalanx.

'''Lateral Digital Extensor'''

'''Lateral Digital Extensor'''

 

:Origin - lateral ligament of the stifle, lateral condyle of the tibia.

Origin - lateral ligament of the stifle, lateral condyle of the tibia.

:Insertion - on the dorsal aspect of the middle lateral phalanx.

 

Insertion - on the dorsal aspect of the middle lateral phalanx.

'''Superficial Digital Flexor'''

'''Superficial Digital Flexor'''

 

:Origin - Supracondylar tuberosity of the femur.

Origin - Supracondylar tuberosity of the femur.

:Insertion - solar surfaces of the middle phalanges.

 

Insertion - solar surfaces of the middle phalanges.

'''Deep Digital Flexor'''

'''Deep Digital Flexor'''

 

:Origin - lateral tibial condyle, fibula, interosseous ligament.

Origin - lateral tibial condyle, fibula, interosseous ligament.

:Insertion - the solar surface of the distal phalanx.

 

Insertion - the solar surface of the distal phalanx.

==Vasculature==

==Vasculature==

3. '''Wall''' - on its abaxial aspect, it is convex and merges with the bulb, dorsally it reflects acutely to the convex axial wall. The junction with the bulb has a groove called the '''axial cleft'''.  

3. '''Wall''' - on its abaxial aspect, it is convex and merges with the bulb, dorsally it reflects acutely to the convex axial wall. The junction with the bulb has a groove called the '''axial cleft'''.  

The dermis of the wall is very similar to the horse and is arranged in laminae. This interdigitates with the epidermal horn that is produced by the papillous coronary region. The horn on the sole and bulb is also produced by papillae. The hypodermis in the bulb forms a pad of fibrous elastic tissue called the '''digital cushion'''.

The dermis of the wall is very similar to the horse and is arranged in laminae. This interdigitates with the epidermal horn that is produced by the papillous coronary region. The horn on the sole and bulb is also produced by papillae. The hypodermis in the bulb forms a pad of fibrous elastic tissue called the '''digital cushion'''.  

 

 

[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:To Do - AimeeHicks]]

[[Category:A&P Done]]

[[Category:To Do - Review]]