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[[Image:Anatomy images bone promences dog Canine 6.jpeg|right|thumb|150px|'''The Canine Hindlimb Skeleton''']]

[[Image:Anatomy images bone promences dog Canine 6.jpeg|right|thumb|150px|'''The Canine Hindlimb Skeleton''']]

==Pelvic Girdle and Hip==

==Pelvic Girdle and Hip==

The pelvis encircles the pelvic cavity and has several functions including protecting the pelvic viscera, and the reproductive and urinary organs. The pelvis is also essential in locomotion and posture. The pelvis also contains the pelvic canal which dependant on size, can cause problems during parturition.

The pelvis encircles the pelvic cavity and has several functions including protecting the pelvic viscera, and the reproductive and urinary organs. The pelvis is also essential in locomotion and posture. The pelvis also contains the pelvic canal which, dependant on size, can cause problems during parturition.

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===Joints and Synovial Structures===

===Joints and Synovial Structures===

====[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Sacroiliac Joint|Sacroiliac Joint]]====

====[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Sacroiliac Joint|Sacroiliac Joint]]====

In dogs the short branch of the '''dorsal sacroiliac ligaments''' connects the sacral tuberosity to the mamillary processes of the sacrum. The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' consists of a fibrous cord between the iscial tuberosity and the transverse process of the last sacral vertebrae. (This ligament is absent in the cat.)

In dogs, the short branch of the '''dorsal sacroiliac ligaments''' connects the sacral tuberosity to the mamillary processes of the sacrum. The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' consists of a fibrous cord between the ischial tuberosity and the transverse process of the last sacral vertebrae. (This ligament is absent in the cat.)

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====[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Coxafemoral|Coxafemoral/Hip Joint]]====

====[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Coxafemoral|Coxafemoral/Hip Joint]]====

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There are a number of muscles contained within the '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Rump Muscles|rump muscles]]'''. The '''superficial gluteal''' originates within the gluteal fascia, lateral aspect of sacrum, sacral tuber of ilium, first caudal vertebra and the sacrotuberous ligament. It inserts via a tendon running caudodistally over the greater trochanter and inserting just distal to it. The '''middle gluteal''' originates between the iliac crest and gluteal line of the ilium and inserts on the  greater trochanter. The '''tensor muscle of the fascia lata''' originates on the ventral aspect of iliac spine and aponeurosis of the middle gluteal and inserts via the fascia lata to the patella. This muscle fans out into the fascia lata and is bordered by the middle gluteal dorsally and the sartorius muscle cranially. The '''biceps''' originate from the cranial superficial head of the  sacrotuberous ligament and the from the lateral aspect of iscial tuberosity on the caudal head. The two muscle bellies of the '''biceps''' unite at an aponeurosis attached to the stifle and crural fascia and this fascia then inserts on the patella, patella ligament, and tibial tuberosity. A distal tendon of the muscle seperates from the main muscle belly and passes under the adductor and along the gastrocnemius. It moves in front of the calcaneal tendon and combining with a tendon of the semitendinous muscle inserts on the calcaneal tuberosity. The '''semitendinous muscle''' originates from the caudal and ventrolateral aspect of the ischial tuberosity between the heads of the biceps and semimembranous muscle. It then inserts via a strong tendon to the cranial aspect of the tendon. An accessory tendon, as mentioned above, also attaches to the calcaneal tuberosity. The '''semimembranous''' muscle originates from the ventral aspect of the ischium and inserts via a short tendon to the aponeurosis of the gastrocnemius and via a longer tendon to the medial femoral condyle and medial tibial condyle. The cranial element of the '''sartorius''' muscle originates on the iliac crest and unites with the femoral fascia and stifle fascia. The caudal part originates from the ventral iliac spine and joins the aponeurosis of the gracilis on the cranial aspect of the tibia. The '''pectineal''' muscle originates from a fleshy origin from the iliopubic eminence and a tendinous origin from the prepubic tendon. The '''pectineal''' then inserts  via a tendinous attachment to the popliteal surface of the femur. The '''adductor muscles''' contain a number of smaller specific muscles with differing origins and insertions. The '''greater adductor muscle''' originates from the pelvic symphysis and prepubic tendon and inserts on the popliteal fossa and the lateral supracondylar tuberosity. The '''short adductor''' originates on the pubic tubercle and inserts on the caudal aspect of the femur. The '''long adductor''' is fused to the pectineal. (This is remains unfused in cats). Finally, the '''internal obturator''' originates from the ischium, pubis and ischiatic arch and covers the obturator foramen. It inserts on the trochantic fossa via a strong tendon that passes over the lesser sciatic notch.

There are a number of muscles contained within the '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Rump Muscles|rump muscles]]'''. The '''superficial gluteal''' originates within the gluteal fascia, lateral aspect of sacrum, sacral tuber of ilium, first caudal vertebra and the sacrotuberous ligament. It inserts via a tendon running caudodistally over the greater trochanter and inserting just distal to it. The '''middle gluteal''' originates between the iliac crest and gluteal line of the ilium and inserts on the  greater trochanter. The '''tensor muscle of the fascia lata''' originates on the ventral aspect of iliac spine and aponeurosis of the middle gluteal and inserts via the fascia lata to the patella. This muscle fans out into the fascia lata and is bordered by the middle gluteal dorsally and the sartorius muscle cranially. The '''biceps''' originate from the cranial superficial head of the  sacrotuberous ligament and the from the lateral aspect of iscial tuberosity on the caudal head. The two muscle bellies of the '''biceps''' unite at an aponeurosis attached to the stifle and crural fascia and this fascia then inserts on the patella, patella ligament, and tibial tuberosity. A distal tendon of the muscle separates from the main muscle belly and passes under the adductor and along the gastrocnemius. It moves in front of the calcaneal tendon and combining with a tendon of the semitendinous muscle inserts on the calcaneal tuberosity. The '''semitendinous muscle''' originates from the caudal and ventrolateral aspect of the ischial tuberosity between the heads of the biceps and semimembranous muscle. It then inserts via a strong tendon to the cranial aspect of the tendon. An accessory tendon, as mentioned above, also attaches to the calcaneal tuberosity. The '''semimembranous''' muscle originates from the ventral aspect of the ischium and inserts via a short tendon to the aponeurosis of the gastrocnemius and via a longer tendon to the medial femoral condyle and medial tibial condyle. The cranial element of the '''sartorius''' muscle originates on the iliac crest and unites with the femoral fascia and stifle fascia. The caudal part originates from the ventral iliac spine and joins the aponeurosis of the gracilis on the cranial aspect of the tibia. The '''pectineal''' muscle originates from a fleshy origin from the iliopubic eminence and a tendinous origin from the prepubic tendon. The '''pectineal''' then inserts  via a tendinous attachment to the popliteal surface of the femur. The '''adductor muscles''' contain a number of smaller specific muscles with differing origins and insertions. The '''greater adductor muscle''' originates from the pelvic symphysis and prepubic tendon and inserts on the popliteal fossa and the lateral supracondylar tuberosity. The '''short adductor''' originates on the pubic tubercle and inserts on the caudal aspect of the femur. The '''long adductor''' is fused to the pectineal. (This remains unfused in cats). Finally, the '''internal obturator''' originates from the ischium, pubis and ischiatic arch and covers the obturator foramen. It inserts on the trochantic fossa via a strong tendon that passes over the lesser sciatic notch.

==Proximal Hindlimb including Stifle and Tarsus==

==Proximal Hindlimb including Stifle and Tarsus==

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In canines the '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibula|fibula]]''' has maintained its entire length but still has reduced strength and function.The '''interosseous space''' seperates the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]] from the fibula proximally and this gap is bridged by soft tissue. In thin dogs the entire bone is palpable but in heavy-set dogs only the proximal extremity is plalpable. The fibular head articulates with the lateral condyle of the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]].

In canines, the '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibula|fibula]]''' has maintained its entire length but still has reduced strength and function. The '''interosseous space''' separates the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]] from the fibula proximally and this gap is bridged by soft tissue. In thin dogs the entire bone is palpable but in heavy-set dogs only the proximal extremity is plalpable. The fibular head articulates with the lateral condyle of the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]].

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Within the '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal bones#Talus|talus]]''' the trochlea ridges are less pronounced and extend further distally than other species allowing for increased mobility. The trochlea also articulates with the distal fibula and medial malleolus. The body and head of the talus are seperated by a well defined '''neck'''.

Within the '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal bones#Talus|talus]]''' the trochlea ridges are less pronounced and extend further distally than other species allowing for increased mobility. The trochlea also articulates with the distal fibula and medial malleolus. The body and head of the talus are separated by a well defined '''neck'''.

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'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Stifle Joint|Stifle Joint]]'''

'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Stifle Joint|Stifle Joint]]'''

[[Image:stifle anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Stifle, Cranial Caudal View - Copyright RVC]]

[[Image:stifle anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Stifle, Cranial Caudal View - Copyright RVC]]

The canine stifle joint posesses a '''transverse ligament''' of the menisci. It also possesses one '''patellar ligament''' that is formed from the distal insertion of the quadriceps and connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity. It is seperated from the joint capsule by the '''infrapatellar fat pad'''. There is often a synovial bursa between the distal part of the ligament and the tibial tuberosity. The medial and lateral '''femeropatellar ligaments''' extend from the patellas to the femoral epicondyles and also have attachments to the '''fabella'''. These are two small sesamoid bones that are embedded in the head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The joint capsule communicates directly with the femorotibial joint forming three sacs. One for the femeropatellar and one each for the medial and lateral femerotibial. These also contain the fabellae. The lateral pouch is extended to form the proximal tibiofibular joint capsule.

The canine stifle joint posesses a '''transverse ligament''' of the menisci. It also possesses one '''patellar ligament''' that is formed from the distal insertion of the quadriceps and connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity. It is seperated from the joint capsule by the '''infrapatellar fat pad'''. There is often a synovial bursa between the distal part of the ligament and the tibial tuberosity. The medial and lateral '''femoropatellar ligaments''' extend from the patellas to the femoral epicondyles and also have attachments to the '''fabella'''. These are two small sesamoid bones that are embedded in the head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The joint capsule communicates directly with the femorotibial joint forming three sacs. One for the femoropatellar and one each for the medial and lateral femorotibial. These also contain the fabellae. The lateral pouch is extended to form the proximal tibiofibular joint capsule.

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[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:To Do - Review]]

[[Category:A&P Done]]