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HSCs are derived from the neural crest and therefore express synaptophysin, GFAP, neural cell adhesion molecule, nestin, neurotrophins, and their receptors. HSCs are located between the parenchymal cell plates and endothelial linings, with long cytoplasmic filaments that connect them to endotheial cells and parenchymal cells (see image). As indicated above HSCs have four main functions including retinoid storage and homeostasis, remodelling of ECM by production of ECM components and MMPs, production of growth factors and cytokines (likely have a role in hepatocyte regeneration following injury) and the contraction and dilation of the sinusoidal lumen in response to endothelin, angiotensin, thromboxane or prostaglandins. HSCs exhibit 2 physiological states. The first is quiescent where they can be seen to contain cytoplasmic lipid droplets containing retinyl esters and long cytoplasmic processes with fine branches. The second state is activated/transdifferentiated where they lack lipid droplets, display proliferative and fibrongenic myofibroblast-like phenotype (activated state expresses alpha smooth muscle actin and desmin). These states are regulated by paracrine and autocrine loops of growth factors (TGF-beta-1).

HSCs are derived from the neural crest and therefore express synaptophysin, GFAP, neural cell adhesion molecule, nestin, neurotrophins, and their receptors. HSCs are located between the parenchymal cell plates and endothelial linings, with long cytoplasmic filaments that connect them to endotheial cells and parenchymal cells. As indicated above HSCs have four main functions including retinoid storage and homeostasis, remodelling of ECM by production of ECM components and MMPs, production of growth factors and cytokines (likely have a role in hepatocyte regeneration following injury) and the contraction and dilation of the sinusoidal lumen in response to endothelin, angiotensin, thromboxane or prostaglandins. HSCs exhibit 2 physiological states. The first is quiescent where they can be seen to contain cytoplasmic lipid droplets containing retinyl esters and long cytoplasmic processes with fine branches. The second state is activated/transdifferentiated where they lack lipid droplets, display proliferative and fibrongenic myofibroblast-like phenotype (activated state expresses alpha smooth muscle actin and desmin). These states are regulated by paracrine and autocrine loops of growth factors (TGF-beta-1).

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[[Category:Liver and Gall Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:Liver and Gall Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:To Do - Review]]

[[Category:A&P Done]]