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| + | == Introduction == |
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− | rarely causes skin infections
| + | Feline Herpes virus ('''FHV-1''') causes an upper respiratory tract infection: '''Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis'''. |
− | ====Pathogenesis====
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− | *Upper respiratory tract infection: Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
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− | **Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex
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− | ** The most frequent aetiologic agent is FHV-1, and less frequently feline calicivirus and/or ''[[Chlamydophila psittaci]]''
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− | **All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium
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− | ***Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis
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− | ***C.psittaci more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis
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− | **Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies, with expected clinical signs
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− | **Resolution of clinical signs usually occurs by 7-14 days
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− | **FHV-1 remains '''latent''' in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress: Can infect the cornea -> ulcerative keratitis
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− | **Occasional mortality in kitten or immunocompromised animals usually associated with secondary bacterial infection
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− | *Erosions can affect the bronchi, resulting in '''interstitial pneumonia'''
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− | *Most common cause of '''keratitis''' and '''corneal ulcers''' in cat and '''gummy eyes''' in kittens
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− | **Rupture is a particular risk
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− | ====Epidemiology====
| + | Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex, with the most frequent aetiologic agent being FHV-1, and less frequently [[Feline Calicivirus|feline calicivirus]] and/or ''[[Chlamydophila psittaci]]''. All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium. Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis and ''C. felis'' more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis. All three together will result in the disease complex 'cat flu'. |
− | *Widespread
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− | *Serious infection
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− | *Latent infection can be reactivated on boarding
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− | ====Diagnosis====
| + | Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepithelial intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies, with expected clinical signs. Resolution of these clinical signs usually occurs by 7-14 days, however, FHV-1 remains '''latent''' in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress. It can infect the cornea - ulcerative keratitis. FHV- 1 is the most common cause of keratitis and corneal ulcers in cats and gummy eyes in kittens. |
− | *'''Nasal swabs''' on first week of infection can be cultured for virus isolation
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− | ====Treatment====
| + | Occasional mortality can occur in the kitten or immunocompromised animals usually associated with secondary bacterial infections. |
− | For keratitis with corneal ulcers:
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− | *Subcut omega interferon
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− | *Topical trifluorothymidine (thymidine analogue) on eyes
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− | ====Control====
| + | The virus is widespread and common. It can cause serious infections as well as latent infections which can be reactivated on boarding or at other periods of stress. |
− | *Killed and live '''vaccines''' are available
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− | **Live vaccines have provoked symptoms in immunosuppressed kittens and are no longer used in the UK
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− | ===Feline viral rhinotracheitis=== | + | == Clinical Signs == |
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− | *Caused by a [[Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]]
| + | Upper respiratory tract signs such as [[rhinitis]], [[tracheitis]] and [[sinusitis]] as well as keratitis and [[Corneal Ulceration - Dogs and Cats|corneal ulcers]]. The corneal ulcers intially have a '''dendritic''' appearence, which is considered pathognomic. In combination with other agents, will cause 'cat flu' which will include sneezing, coughing, gummy eyes, nasal discharge, dyspnoea and conjunctivitis. |
− | *Tends to be more [[Rhinitis#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] than [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]], may extend to [[Sinusitis|sinusitis]]
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− | *Feline herpesvirus -1
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− | **One of the causes of Feline viral rhinotracheitis
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− | ***Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex. The most frequent aetiologic agent is [[Herpesviridae|FHV-1]], and less frequently [[Caliciviridae|feline calicivirus]] and/or ''[[Chlamydophila psittaci]]'' (NB: previously called ''Chlamydia psittaci'' var felis)
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− | *All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium
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− | *Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis
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− | *''C.psittaci'' more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis
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− | *Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic [[Cellular Inclusions|inclusion bodies]]
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− | *Uncomplicated cases resolve in 2-3 weeks
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− | *FHV-1 remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress
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− | *Can infect the cornea -> ulcerative keratitis
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− | *Mortality may be high in young kittens, debilitated and immune-suppressed animals, usually associated with secondary bacterial infection.
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− | ==Links== | + | == Diagnosis == |
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− | [http://www.abcd-vets.org/guidelines/feline_herpesvirus/index.asp ABCD information]
| + | Clinical signs and history are usually used as a presumptive diagnosis prior to definitive diagnosis via laboratory tests. |
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| + | '''Nasal swabs''' on first week of infection can be cultured for virus isolation, plus a swab of the eye. |
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− | [[Category:Herpesviridae]][[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]][[Category:Cat Viruses]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cat]] | + | == Treatment == |
− | [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]] | + | |
| + | For keratitis with corneal ulcers treat with subcutaneous omega interferon and give topical trifluorothymidine (thymidine analogue) on eyes. |
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| + | == Control == |
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| + | Killed and live '''[[vaccines]]''' are available. Live vaccines have provoked symptoms in immunosuppressed kittens and are no longer used in the UK. |
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| + | == References == |
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| + | Bridger, J and Ruseel, P, (2007) Virology Study Guide, Royal Veterinary College |
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| + | Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition), W.B. Saunders Company |
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| + | Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2), W.B. Saunders Company |
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| + | Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial |
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| + | {{Learning |
| + | |powerpoints = [[E-Lecture:Feline Herpesvirus-1]] |
| + | |Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/felis/Content/Disease/dis60212 Feline herpesvirus disease] |
| + | }} |
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| + | {{review}} |
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| + | {{OpenPages}} |
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| + | [[Category:Herpesviridae]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Small Animal]] [[Category:Cat_Viruses]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cat]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]] |
| + | [[Category:Hepatitis, Viral]] |